ENS150.
2
ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
LECTURE 1
NGR. CHRISTIAN FRANCIS Q. NAYRE MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - GSC
CE FACULTY CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
TOPIC OUTLINE
1. ROLE OF ENGINEERING
DRAWING
2. DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND
AIDS
3. LETTERING
ROLE OF ENGINEERING DRAWING
The ability to read drawing is the most important
requirement of all technical people in any profession.
As compared to verbal or written description, this
method is brief and more clear. Some of the
applications are : building drawing for civil engineers,
machine drawing for mechanical engineers, circuit
diagrams for electrical and electronics engineers,
computer graphics for one and all.
ROLE OF ENGINEERING DRAWING
The subject in general is designed to impart the
following skills:
• Ability to read and prepare engineering drawings.
• Ability to make free hand sketching of objects
• Power to imagine, analyze and communicate, and
• Capacity to understand other subjects.
ROLE OF ENGINEERING DRAWING
ROLE OF ENGINEERING DRAWING
DRAWING
INSTRUMENTS AND
AIDS
• Drawing Board
• It is a plane and
smooth surface for
drawing purposes
with a working edge
for T-square.
• The T-square is
made of a long strip
called the blade,
fastened at right
angles to a shorter
piece called the
head.
DRAWING
INSTRUMENT
S AND AIDS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND AIDS
• Mini-Drafter
It consists of an angle formed by
two arms with scales marked and
rigidly hinged to each other. It
combines the function of T-
square, set-squares, scales and
protractor
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND AIDS
• Instrument Box
• Instrument box typically
contains: Compasses, Dividers,
and Inking Pens
• Set of Scales
• Scales are used to make drawing
of the objects to proportionate
size desired. These are made of
wood, steel or plastic
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND AIDS
• Set of Triangular Scales
• A triangular scale is a
ruler that has a 3-lobed
cross-section with 6
different types of scales
on the edges (2 on each
face) used for measuring
and preparing scale
drawings such as
blueprints and maps. It
is also called an
architect’s scale.
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND AIDS
•“If the scale is a:b, this
means that the object is
measured a unit in the
drawing is measured b
units in actual.”
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND
AIDS
• French Curves
• They are used to draw irregular
shapes and curves such as parabola,
elliptical shapes and parabola.
• Compass
• It’s used for drawing arcs and circles.
The divider is little different with
both legs made of steel and use for
transferring distance.
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND AIDS
• Protractor
• It’s used to
measure and lay-
out angles
• Triangular Ruler
• It’s used to as a
guide of line with
and inclination of
30/60,45, and 90
degrees.
DRAWING
INSTRUMENTS
AND AIDS
• Laptop and PC
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND AIDS
• Drawing Sheets
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND AIDS
• Template (Title Block)
• A title block is a template
for a sheet and generally
includes a border for the
page and information
about the design firm,
such as its name, address,
and logo. The title block
can also display
information about the
project, client, and
individual sheets, including
issue dates and revision
information.
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND AIDS
• Drawing Pencils
• Drawings make sense when
they are made with correct
types of lines drawn using
the correct grades of
pencils. Although an equal
grade of pencils
manufactured by any brand
possesses same softness, it
is advisable to purchase
pencils of different grades of
the same brand.
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AIDS
• Drawing Lead
• The first consideration in the selection of a
grade of lead is the type of line work
required. For light construction lines for
lettering use a hard lead. For all other line work,
the lines should be BLACK. The lead chosen
should be soft enough to produce jet black lines
but hard enough not to smudge.
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND AIDS
LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
PRACTICES
Lettering
• The description of an object or machine component requires the
use of graphic language to show the shape and of the written
language to explain sizes and other information. The written
language used on drawings is in the form of lettering. Freehand
lettering, perfectly legible and quickly made, is an important part
of engineering drawings.
• Lettering is defined as the writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions,
etc., on a drawing.
LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
PRACTICES
• Single Stroke Lettering
• Lettering in drawing should be in CAPITALS (i.e .. Upper-case letters).
• Lower-case (small) letters are used for abbreviations like mm. cm. etc.
• Size of Letters is measured by the height h of the CAPITAL letters as
well as numerals. Standard heights for CAPITAL letters and numerals
recommended are given below: 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14 and 20 mm
• Note: Size of the letters may be selected based upon the size of
drawing.
Two Types of Single Stroke
1. Lettering Type A: (i) Vertical and (ii) Sloped (at 75° to the horizontal)
LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
PRACTICES
• TYPE B
• In Type A, height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal
parts, while in Type B, height of the capital letter is
divided into 10 equal parts. Type B is preferred for easy
and fast execution, because of the division of height into 10
equal parts.
• Guide Lines
• In order to obtain correct and uniform height of letters and
numerals. guide lines are drawn. Using 2H pencil with light
pressure. HB grade conical end pencil is used for lettering.
LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
PRACTICES
Procedures for Lettering
1. Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a
distance 'b' apart.
2. Lettering Technique : Horizontal Lines of the letters
are drawn from left to right. Vertical, inclined and
curved lines are drawn from top to bottom.
3. After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are
not erased.
LETTERING AND
DIMENSIONING PRACTICES
Dimensioning of Type B Letters
h (height of capital letters),
(height of lower-case letters).
(tail of lower-case letters).
(stem of lower-case letters),
(spacing between characters).
(spacing between baselines),
(spacing between words) and
(line thickness)
LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
PRACTICES
LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
PRACTICES
• Guidelines For Lettering (for Fig. 2.8, and 2.9 )
1. Drawing numbers. title block and letters denoting cutting planes.
sections are written in 10 mm size.
2. Drawing title is Written in 7 mm size.
3. Hatching, sub-titles. materials. dimensions. notes, etc. are written in 3.5
mm size.
4. Space between words may be equal to the width of alphabet M or 3/5 h.
5. Space between letters should be approximately equal to 1/5 h. Poor
spacing will affect the visual effect.
6. The spacing between two characters may be reduced by half if this gives
a better visual effect, as for example LA, TV; over lapped in case of say
LT. TA etc, and the space is increased for letters with adjoining stems.
LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
PRACTICES
• CAPITAL LETTERS
• Ratio of height to width for most of the CAPITAL letters is approximately=
10:6
• However, for M and W, the ratio= 10:8 for I the ratio= 10:2
• LOWER CASE LETTERS
• Height of lower-case letters with stem I tail (b, d, f, g, h, j, k. I, p, q, t.
y)
• Ratio of height to width for lower-case letters with stem or tail = 2:1
• Height of lower-case letters without stem or tail is approximately=
• Ratio of height to width for most lower-case letters without stem or
tail=
• However, for and , the . For I and I, the ratio= 5:1
LETTERING AND
DIMENSIONING PRACTICES
• Numerals
• For numerals 0 to 9, the ratio of height
to width = 2:1
• For 1, ratio = 5:1
• Spacing
• Spacing between characters,
• Spacing between words,
