SCENARIO #1
If today is Monday, then we have
a Math class.
SCENARIO #2
Today is Wednesday, and the
cafeteria serves spaghetti.
All cats are mammals.
TRUE
All dogs can fly.
FALSE
TRUTH VALUES OF
PROPOSITIONS
and
FORMS OF CONDITIONAL
PROPOSITIONS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
a. determines the truth values of
propositions.
b. illustrates the different forms of
conditional propositions.
TRUTH VALUES
OF
PROPOSITIONS
TRUTH VALUE
indicates whether a proposition is
true or false. To determine the
truth value of compound
proposition, we use truth tables.
Truth Value of the Conjunction and
The conjunction is true when and are both
true, otherwise, the conjunction is false.
Truth Value of the Disjunction or
The disjunction will only be false when is false
and is false.
Truth Value of the Negation,
is false whenever is true, and is true
whenever is false.
R
E 1. A conjunction is true when and
M
E are both true and is false
M
B
otherwise.
E 2. A disjunction is false when and
R
are both false and is true
otherwise.
3. If and are negations of each
other, then is false whenever is
true, and is true whenever is
false.
TRUTH TABLES
S
T 1. Examine the statement and
E
P determine if the final result is a
S
negation, conjunction, or
disjunction.
2. Complete the columns under the
simple statements , , and
3. Complete the columns under the
connectives with parentheses.
S
T 4. Complete the columns under any
E
P remaining statements and their
S
negations.
5. Complete the column under any
remaining connectives, keeping in mind
that the answer will appear under the
final column determined in step 1. It is
a good idea to highlight or circle the
column containing the final answer and
number the columns in the order they
N
O
T • First Columns are always your
E
initial variables
o 2-variables requires 4 rows
o 3-variables requires 8 rows
o N-variables requires rows
EXAMPLE #1: TRUTH TABLE OF .
1 2 3 4
𝒑 𝒑 ∨𝒒
T T F T
T F F F
F T T T
F F T T
EXAMPLE #2: TRUTH TABLE OF .
1 2 3 4 5
𝒒 𝒑 ∧ 𝒒 ( 𝒑 ∧ 𝒒)
T T F F T
T F T T F
F T F F T
F F T F T
EXAMPLE #3: TRUTH TABLE OF
1 2 3 4 5 6
𝒓𝒑∨ 𝒒(𝒑 ∨ 𝒒)∧ 𝒓
T T T F T F
T T F T T T
T F T F T F
T F F T T T
F T T F T F
F T F T T T
F F T F F F
F F F T F F
PRACTICE TASK #1: TRUTH TABLE OF .
1 2 3 4
𝒒𝒑∨ 𝒒
T T F T
T F T T
F T F F
F F T T
TAUTOLOGY
when a proposition’s truth value (last column)
consists of only T’s
CONTRADICTIONS
when a proposition’s truth value (last column)
consists of only F’s
Truth Value of the Conditional
Statement
The conditional statement (“if , then ”) is false only
when is true and is false; otherwise, it is true.
Truth Value of the Biconditional
Statement
The biconditional is true when and only when and
have the same truth values; it is false otherwise.
EXAMPLE #1: TRUTH TABLE OF .
1 2 3 4
𝒑 𝒑 →𝒒
T T F T
T F F T
F T T T
F F T F
EXAMPLE #2: TRUTH TABLE OF .
1 2 3 4 5
𝒑 𝒒 𝒑↔ 𝒒
T T F F T
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
Equivalent Statements
Two propositions and that have identical truth values
are said to be equivalent (denoted by ≡ ).
PRACTICE TASK #2: Show that the two
propositions are equivalent. and
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
𝒑 ∧ 𝒒 (𝒑 ∧𝒒) 𝒒𝒑 → 𝒒
T T T F T T F F
T F F T T F T T
F T F T F T F T
F F F T F F T T
FORMS OF CONDITIONAL
PROPOSITION (Converse, Inverse, and
Contrapositive)
Practice Task #3
Consider the propositions and .
: It is raining.
: I will go to the beach.
Write the propositions in parts (a) and (b) in
symbolic form.
a. It is raining but I will go to the beach.
b. It is raining or I will go to the beach.
c. Assume that p is true and q is false. Find the
truth values of the statements given in parts
Practice Task #3
a.)
b.)
c.)
T F F T
THANK YOU!!!
