Chapter Five

Networking in Java

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 Objectives
 In this chapter you will learn:
 To implement Java networking applications by using sockets
and datagrams.
 To understand how to implement Java clients and servers that
communicate with one another.
 To obtain Internet addresses using the InetAddress class
 To construct a multithreaded server.

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 Introduction
 A network is a collection of computers and other devices that can
send data to and receive data from each other.
 What a network program do?
 Retrieve data
 Send data – Once a connection between two machines is
established, Java programs can send data across the connection just
as easily as they can receive from it.
 Peer-to-peer interaction
 Games
 Chat
 File sharing
 Servers
 Searching the web
 E-commerce

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 Introduction (cont’d)
 When a computer needs to communicate with another
computer, it needs to know the other computer’s
address.
 An Internet Protocol (IP) address uniquely identifies the
computer on the Internet.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and
exchange streams of data.
 TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that
packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were
sent.
 UDP is a low-overhead, connectionless protocol.

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 Client/Server Computing
 Networking is tightly integrated in Java.
 Java API provides the classes for creating sockets to
facilitate program communications over the Internet.
 Sockets are the endpoints of logical connections between
two hosts and can be used to send and receive data.
 Java treats socket communications much as it treats I/O
operations; thus programs can read from or write to
sockets as easily as they can read from or write to files.
 Network programming usually involves a server and one or
more clients.

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 Client/Server Computing(cont’d)

Application processes, sockets, and the underlying transport protocol

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 Client/Server Computing (cont’d)
 The client sends requests to the server, and the server
responds.
 The client begins by attempting to establish a connection
to the server.
 The server can accept or deny the connection.
 Once a connection is established, the client and the server
communicate through sockets.
 The server must be running when a client attempts to
connect to the server.
 The server waits for a connection request from a client.

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 The Server Socket
 To establish a server, you need to create a server socket and
attach it to a port, which is where the server listens for
connections.
 Port is a software address of a computer on the network.
 The port identifies the TCP service on the socket.
 A socket is a communication path to a port.
 To communicate program over the network, give a way of
addressing the port. How? Create a socket and attach it to the
port.
 Port numbers range from 0 to 65536, but port numbers 0 to 1024
are reserved for privileged services.
 For instance, the email server runs on port 25, and the Web
server usually runs on port 80.

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 The Server Socket (cont’d)
 You can choose any port number that is not currently
used by any other process.
 The following statement creates a server socket
serverSocket:
 ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port);

 After a server socket is created, the server can use

the following statement to listen for connections:
 Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();

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 The Client Socket
 The client issues the following statement to request a
connection to a server:
 Socket socket = new Socket(serverName, port);
 ServerName is the server’s Internet host name or IP address.

 The following statement creates a socket at port 8000

on the client machine to connect to the host
130.254.204.36:
 Socket socket = new Socket("130.254.204.36", 8000)

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The Client Socket(cont’d)

The server creates a server socket and, once a

connection to a client is established, connects to the
client with a client socket.

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Data Transmission Through Sockets

The server and client exchange data

through I/O streams on top of the socket.

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 Data Transmission…
 Example: The client sends the radius to the server;
the server computes the area and sends it to the
client.

(a) The client sends the radius to the server.

(b) The server sends the area to the client.

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 Example: Server
//Server.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class Server extends JFrame {
// Text area for displaying contents
private JTextArea jta = new JTextArea();
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Server();
}
public Server() {
// Place text area on the frame
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(new JScrollPane(jta), BorderLayout.CENTER);
setTitle("Server");

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 Example: Sever(cont’d)
setSize(500, 300);
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setVisible(true); // It is necessary to show the frame here!
try {
// Create a server socket
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8000);
jta.append("Server started at " + new Date() + '\n');
// Listen for a connection request
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
// Create data input and output streams
DataInputStream inputFromClient = new DataInputStream(
socket.getInputStream());
DataOutputStream outputToClient = new DataOutputStream(
socket.getOutputStream());
while (true) {
// Receive radius from the client
double radius = inputFromClient.readDouble();
// Compute area
double area = radius * radius * Math.PI;
// Send area back to the client

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 Example: Sever(cont’d)
outputToClient.writeDouble(area);
jta.append("Radius received from client: " + radius + '\n');
jta.append("Area found: " + area + '\n');
}
}
catch(IOException ex) {
System.err.println(ex);
}
}
}

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 Example: Client
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class Client extends JFrame {
// Text field for receiving radius
private JTextField jtf = new JTextField();
// Text area to display contents
private JTextArea jta = new JTextArea(); // IO streams
private DataOutputStream toServer;
private DataInputStream fromServer;
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Client();
}

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 Example: Client(cont’d)

public Client() {
// Panel p to hold the label and text field
JPanel p = new JPanel();
p.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
p.add(new JLabel("Enter radius"), BorderLayout.WEST);
p.add(jtf, BorderLayout.CENTER);
jtf.setHorizontalAlignment(JTextField.LEFT);
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(p, BorderLayout.NORTH);
add(new JScrollPane(jta), BorderLayout.CENTER);
jtf.addActionListener(new TextFieldListener());
setTitle("Client");
setSize(500, 300);
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setVisible(true); // It is necessary to show the frame here!

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 Example: Client(cont’d)
try {
// Create a socket to connect to the server
Socket socket = new Socket("localhost",8000);
// Socket socket = new Socket("130.254.204.36", 8000);
// Socket socket = new Socket("drake.Armstrong.edu", 8000);
// Create an input stream to receive data from the server
fromServer = new DataInputStream(
socket.getInputStream());
// Create an output stream to send data to the server
toServer =
new DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
}
catch (IOException ex) {
jta.append(ex.toString() + '\n');
}
}

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 Example: Client(cont’d)
private class TextFieldListener implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
try {
// Get the radius from the text field
double radius = Double.parseDouble(jtf.getText().trim());
// Send the radius to the server
toServer.writeDouble(radius);
toServer.flush();
// Get area from the server
double area = fromServer.readDouble() ;
// Display to the text area
jta.append("Radius is " + radius + "\n");
jta.append("Area received from the server is "
+ area + '\n');
}
catch (IOException ex) {
System.err.println(ex);
}
}
}
}

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 The InetAddress Class
 InetAddress class can be used to find the client’s host
name and IP address.
 InetAddress has three static methods
 public static InetAddress getByName(String hostName)
 public static InetAddress[] getAllByName(String hostName)
 public static InetAddress getLocalHost( )

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 InetAddress (cont’d)
 Example - A program that prints the address of host
import java.net.*;
public class HostName {
public static void main (String[] args) {
try {
InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("www.google.com");
System.out.println(address);
}
catch (UnknownHostException ex) {
System.out.println("Could not find www.google.com");

}
}
}

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 InetAddress (cont’d)
 Some computers have more than one Internet address.
 Given a hostname, InetAddress.getAllByName() returns an array that
contains all the addresses corresponding to that name.
 Example
import java.net.*;
public class AllAddressOfGoogle {
public static void main (String[] args) {
try {
InetAddress[] addresses = InetAddress.getAllByName("www.google.com");
for (int i = 0; i < addresses.length; i++) {
System.out.println(addresses[i]);
}
}
catch (UnknownHostException ex) {
System.out.println("Could not find www.google.com");
}
}
}

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 InetAddress (cont’d)
 InetAddress.getLocalHost() returns the InetAddress of the
machine on which it's running.
 Example
import java.net.*;
public class MyAddress {
public static void main (String[] args) {
try {
InetAddress address = InetAddress.getLocalHost( );
System.out.println(address);
}
catch (UnknownHostException ex) {
System.out.println("Could not find this computer's address.");

}
}

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 Serving Multiple Clients
 Multiple clients are quite often connected to a single
server at the same time.
 Typically, a server runs continuously on a server
computer, and clients from all over the Internet can
connect to it.
 You can use threads to handle the server’s multiple
clients simultaneously.
 Simply create a thread for each connection.
 Here is how the server handles the establishment of
a connection:

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while (true) {
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept(); // Connect to a client
Thread thread = new ThreadClass(socket);
thread.start();
}
 The server socket can have many connections.
 Each iteration of the while loop creates a new
connection.
 Whenever a connection is established, a new thread is
created to handle communication between the server and
the new client; and this allows multiple connections to run
at the same time.

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 To get an instance of InetAddress on a socket that
connects to the client.
 InetAddress inetAddress = socket.getInetAddress();

 Then, display the client’s host name and IP address,

as follows:
 System.out.println("Client's host name is " +
inetAddress.getHostName());
 System.out.println("Client's IP Address is " +
inetAddress.getHostAddress());

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