Transmission & Distribution

System

Dr Deep Kamal Kaur Randhawa

GNDU Regional Campus
Jalandhar
[email protected]
 T&D System
The demand for energy increases over time as populations
grow and create a need for more homes, factories, office
buildings, consumer products, and public infrastructure. To
meet this demand, electricity must not only be produced, but
also transmitted to areas where people live.

Like any other industry, the electric power system may be

thought of as consisting of three main divisions:
1. Manufacture, production or generation, cogeneration,
2. Delivery or transmission and distribution,
3. Consumption.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM OF POWER
SYSTEM
 Mainly distribution systems are
two types
• Primary Distribution (33KV/11KV)
• Secondary Distribution (11KV/440V)

Household electricity is alternating current (AC)

Household voltages are typically 120V or 240V
 Primary distribution

………carries the load at higher than utilization

voltages from the substation (or other source)to
the point where the voltage is stepped down to
the value at which the energy is utilized by the
consumer.
 Secondary distribution

……..includes that part of the system operating

at utilization voltages, up to the meter at the
consumer’s premises.
Substation
 Substation
• A substation is a part of an electrical
generation,transmission, and distribution
system.
• Substations may be owned and operated by
an electrical utility, or may be owned by a
large industrial or commercial customer.
 SUBSTAION
Substations are the places where the level of voltage undergoes
change with the help of transformers. Apart from transformers a
substation houses switches (called circuit breakers), meters,
relays for protection and other control equipment.
Utility pole
 Utility pole

A utility pole is a column or post used to support

overhead power lines and various other public
utilities, such as cable, fiber optic cable and
related equipment such as transformers and
street lights.
• Most utility poles are made of wood,
pressure-treated with some type of
preservative for protection against rot, fungi
and insects.
• The utility poles are made using concrete
these days.
 Cross arm
• Steel cross arms of different configurations are used on
overhead lines, transmission towers, transmission lines,
wood poles, utility pole, and so on.
• Steel cross arms in overhead lines are mainly supporting the
overhead line and the many holes on the steel cross arm are
used to connect the other pole hardware fittings.
• The cross arms in the transmission line are used to support
the transformer.
• The cross arms on the power pole or on the light pole are
used to support the insulator by double arming bolt or u bolt.
• It can be made of angel steel, steel brace, and U channel
Cross arm
Insulator
 Insulator
• It must also possess high insulation resistance
to prevent leakage current. Electrical
insulators are generally made of
porcelain, glass or polymeric composite.
Both glass and porcelain are commonly used
insulator materials, and there is not much
difference in the cost and performance of
both.
 Types of Insulators
• Pin type insulator
• Suspension insulator
• Strain insulator
• Shackle insulator
• Line post insulator
• Station post insulator
• Cut-out
 Pin type insulator
• As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is
mounted on a pin on the cross-arm on the pole.
There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator.
The conductor passes through this groove and is
tied to the insulator with annealed wire of the
same material as the conductor. Pin type insulators
are used for transmission and distribution of
electric power at voltages up to 33 kV. Beyond
operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators
become too bulky and hence uneconomical.
Pin type insulator
 Suspension insulator
• For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual
practice to use suspension type insulators
shown in Figure. Consist of a number of
porcelain discs connected in series by metal
links in the form of a string. The conductor is
suspended at the bottom end of this string
while the other end of the string is secured to
the cross-arm of the tower. The number of
disc units used depends on the voltage.
Suspension insulator
 Strain insulator
• A dead end or anchor pole or tower is used where a
straight section of line ends, or angles off in another
direction. These poles must withstand the lateral
(horizontal) tension of the long straight section of
wire. In order to support this lateral load, strain
insulators are used. For low voltage lines (less than 11
kV), shackle insulators are used as strain insulators.
However, for high voltage transmission lines, strings
of cap-and-pin (disc) insulators are used, attached to
the crossarm in a horizontal direction.
Strain Insulator
 Shackle insulator
• In early days, the shackle insulators were used
as strain insulators. But now a day, they are
frequently used for low voltage distribution
lines. Such insulators can be used either in a
horizontal position or in a vertical position.
They can be directly fixed to the pole with a
bolt or to the cross arm.
Shackle insulator
 Conductor
a conductor is an object or type of material that
permits the flow of electrical current in one or
more directions. For example, a wire is an
electrical conductor that can carry electricity
along its length.
Conductor
 Lightning Arresters
• A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical
power systems and telecommunications systems to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system
from the damaging effects of lightning.
• The typical lightning arrester has a high voltage
terminal and a ground terminal.
• When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is
very similar) travels along the power line to the
arrester, the current from the surge is diverted
through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.
Lightning Arresters
 Wire Sizes
It is common practice to indicate wire sizes by
gage numbers. The source of these numbers for
electrical wire is the standard Wire Gage.A small
wire is designated by a large number and a large
wire by a small number
Wire Gage
 Cut out
• a fuse cutout or cut-out fuse is a combination of a
fuse and a switch, used in primary overhead feeder
lines and taps to protect distribution transformers
from current surges and overloads. An overcurrent
caused by a fault in the transformer or customer
circuit will cause the fuse to melt, disconnecting
the transformer from the line. It can also be
opened manually by utility linemen standing on
the ground and using a long insulating stick called a
"hot stick".
Cut out
 Transformers
………….transfers energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction .
transformers
 Grounding
• Electrical circuits may be connected to ground
(earth) for several reasons.
• In mains powered equipment, exposed metal
parts are connected to ground to prevent user
contact with dangerous voltage if electrical
insulation fails.
• Connections to ground limit the build-up of
static electricity when handling flammable
products or electrostatic-sensitive devices.
 Guy wire
• A guy-wire or guy-rope, also known as simply
a guy, is a tensioned cable designed to add
stability to a free-standing structure. They are
used commonly in ship masts, radio masts,
wind turbines, utility poles, fire service
extension ladders used in church raises and
tents.
Guy wire
Guy wire
 Overhead Power Line
• An overhead power line is a structure used in
electric power transmission and distribution to
transmit electrical energy along large distances.
• It consists of one or more conductors (commonly
multiples of three) suspended by towers or
utility poles.
• Since most of the insulation is provided by air,
overhead power lines are generally the lowest-cost
method of power transmission for large quantities
of electric energy.
Overhead Power Line
 Overhead power transmission lines are
classified in the electrical power industry by
the range of voltages:
• Low voltage (LV) – less than 1000 volts, used
for connection between a residential or small
commercial customer and the utility.
• Medium voltage (MV; distribution) – between
1000 volts (1 kV) and to about 33 kV, used for
distribution in urban and rural areas.
• High voltage (HV; subtransmission less than
100 kV; subtransmission or transmission at
voltage such as 115 kV and 138 kV), used for
sub-transmission and transmission of bulk
quantities of electric power and connection to
very large consumers.
• Extra high voltage (EHV; transmission) – over
230 kV, up to about 800 kV, used for long
distance, very high power transmission.
• Ultra high voltage (UHV) – higher than 800 kV.
 Underground wires
• Undergrounding refers to the replacement of
overhead cables providing electrical power or
telecommunications, with underground cables.
• Underground cables take up less right-of-way than
overhead lines, have lower visibility, and are less
affected by bad weather. However, costs of
insulated cable and excavation are much higher
than overhead construction. Faults in buried
transmission lines take longer to locate and repair.
Underground wires
Thank You