Gametogenesis&Fer
tilization
1.Spermatogenesis takes about 74 days to complete
Sperm are produced in
seminiferous tubules.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krSM
ZDsjLuU
Spermatogenesis
The formation of sperm by meiosis from spermatogonium in the seminiferous tubules is called
spermatogenesis
• After puberty,
production and
maturation of sperm
occur via FSH and LH
hormones
• Spermatogonium cells
can increase their
numbers and become
primary spermatocytes
by mitosis.
• Primary spermatocytes
undergo meiosis.
• After meiosis I, 2 haploid cells,
called secondary
spermatocyte, are produced.
• Are after meiosis II, 4 haploid
cells, called spermatids, occur.
• Spermatids become mature in
epididymis.
SPERM
1.HEAD: Consists of nucleus(23 chromosomes),acrosome
and centrioles.
Acrosome include the Golgi apparatus and contains
hydrolytic enzymes and plays important role in
fertilization.
One of the centrioles develops and forms a tail
containing microtubule filaments.
*Only head part enters egg.
2.MIDPIECE: Consists of mitochondria.
Mitochondria provide the energy requires for swimming
and don’t enter egg.
3. TAIL(Flagellum): Is the longest part and capable of
wave-like motion for swimming.
Deformed sperm
2.Oogenesis
The creation of an egg cell by meiosis from oogonium in
the ovaries is called oogenesis.
Before Birth:
Oogonium cells in ovaries
undergo mitosis to form
primary oocytes. These cells
are surrounded by follicle cells
that provide support.
Primary oocytes start meiosis
but arrest in prophase I till
puberty.
After Puberty:
Production of egg continues with FSH hormone. FSH stimulates the
growth of follicles in the ovaries. The primary oocyte cell within the
follicle also grows and develops.
• Each month, one primary
oocyte completes meiosis I
and produces 2 cells.
(One cell with little cytoplasm is
called primary polar body,
other one is called secondary
oocyte.)
• Secondary oocyte undergoes
meiosis II but arrests in
metaphase II.
• Secondary oocyte in
metaphase II is released in to
fallopian tube(ovulation) with
the help of LH.
• If a sperm starts the fertilization process
in fallopian tube, secondary oocyte
completes meiosis II.
• At the end of meiosis II, 2 cells are
produced.
(One cell with little cytoplasm is called
secondary polar body, the other one is
called ootid, differentiatiated ootid
becomes mature egg(ovum) and then
zygote)
Polar bodies..
• Polar bodies form
because the oocytes
do not divide evenly
and the number of
chromosomes are
balanced in resulting
cells.
• They do not have
ability to be fertilized.
• Finally they disappear.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyiTbTH9dMk
https://www.yo
utube.com/wat
ch?v=BeNIPmI
zYFg
Comparison of Spermatogenesis
and Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
Occurs in testis Occurs in ovary
Starts after puberty and mitosis replaces Starts in fetal life
germinal cells daily and mitosis replaces germinal cells
before birth
Continues till old age but reduces Ends at menapause ( after 50 years)
Uninterrupted Arrest in Prophase I and Metaphase II
4 equal spermatids are produced 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies are not equal
in size
Gamete is haploid and mobile Gamete is haploid but moved along the
oviduct by cilia
Gamete is small with little cytoplasm Gamete is large with great deal of
cytoplasm.
Fertilization
Fertilization (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5OvgQW6FG4)
Fertilization
A zygote with a diploid chromosome (2n) is formed by
the fusion of the sperm nucleus with a haploid
chromosome (n) and the egg nucleus with a haploid
chromosome (n). This event is called fertilization.
A membrane surrounding secondary
oocyte, called the zona pellucida, has two
major functions in fertilization.
1.Zona pellucida contains sperm receptors
that are specific for human sperm.
2. Once penetrated by the sperm, the
membrane becomes impermeable(hardens)
to prevent other sperm.
Fertilization
• 1. In order for the sperm to enter the oocyte, it must first pass through the surrounding
follicle cells. Sperm passes through the follicle cells through the path opened by the
enzymes secreted from the acrosome.
• 2. The secondary oocyte is surrounded by a thick covering, the zona pellucida. When the
sperm reaches the zona pellucida, it binds to the special receptor there. The acrosome
membrane dissolves and the hydrolytic enzymes inside are released into the zona
pellucida. These enzyme create an opening for sperm to reach the oocyte membrane
• 3. With the fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes, the sperm nucleus and cytoplasm
content pass into the oocyte. After the first sperm enters the zona pellucida, the change in
the structure of the zona pellucida with the substances secreted by the oocyte prevents
other sperm from reaching the oocyte. Simultaneously, the secondary oocyte cell waiting
in the metaphase of Meiosis II also completes meiosis.
How do sperm find egg?
• Zona pellucida produces substances(fertilizin) to show the way.
• Sperm are excellent navigators. (If they are not, it is a reason to
be eliminated!)
In-vitro fertilization (IVF)
In-vitro fertilization (IVF): process of fertilization where an egg is
combined with sperm outside the body. The fertilized egg (embryo) is
transferred into the uterus.
Microinjection (ICSI): Mature follicles are collected from
ovary and each one is fertilized by injecting a single
sperm head under microscope. The fertilized egg
(embryo) is transferred into the uterus.
Hcg (Human
chorionic
gonadotropin)
It is produced by cells
that are surrounding a
growing embryo, which
eventually forms the
placenta. hCG also
ensures the corpus
luteum continues to
produce progesterone
during the first trimester
of pregnancy.
