REVISION CẤU TRÚC SO SÁNH

The number of students graduated in 2010

was noticeably lower than that in 2012.
1. So sánh chung chung
The amount of time spent on computer
games by younger teenagers was 2 times
2. So sánh hơn kém số lần less than that by older ones

The figures for apples were 40,

3. So sánh tương quan while/whereas those for grapes stood at 20
UNIT 3. WRITING TASK 1
(PART 3)
CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. OVERVIEW

3. PRACTICE
1. Introduction
NUMBER OF INTERNET USERS IN THE US
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
2009 2010 2011 2012

The graph shows the number of internet users in the US from

2009 to 2012.
Structure: S + V + what + where + when

The graph shows the number of internet users

S V What

in the US from 2009 to 2012

Where When
 Graph Line graph

Bar chart / pie

Chart chart / table /
flow chart

The diagram The

The f_g_re
figure

The map The diagram

Structure: S + V + what + where + when

The line
Thegraph
graph shows the number of internet users
S V What

in the US from 2009 to 2012

Where When
show illustrate

Give information about

Structure: S + V + what + where + when

The line
Thegraph
graph illustrates
shows the number of internet users
S V What

in the US from 2009 to 2012

Where When
Paraphrasing: What

1. The number of Ns How many Ns + that V

2. The amount of N How much N + that V

3. The percentage of N(s) The proportion of N(s)

Structure: S + V + what + where + when

The line
Thegraph
graph illustrates
shows how
the many people
number use internet
of internet users
S V What

in the US from 2009 to 2012

Where When
Paraphrasing :Where
In the US
 In the US
 In America

In Vietnam, Japan and China

 In three different countries
 In three different countries, namely Vietnam, Japan
and China
Structure: S + V + what + where + when

The line
Thegraph
graph illustrates
shows how
the many people
number use internet
of internet users
S V What
ininthe USUS from 2009 to 2012
the
Where When
 Practice : matching

1. Car, train, motorbike A. 3 daily activities

2. Carbohydrate, protein B. 3 different types of

and fat vehicle

3. 11-15, 16-20, 20-26 C. 3 different age groups

4. Sleeping, relaxing, D. 3 different nutrients

studying
 Paraphrasing :When

between 2009 and 2012

From 2009 to 2012

over the period of 3
years starting from 2009
Structure: S + V + what + where + when

The line
Thegraph
graph illustrates
shows how
the many people
number use internet
of internet users
S V What
ininthe USUS from
the between
20092009 and 2012.
to 2012
Where When
2. Overview
General tips:

• Avoid including figures

• 1-2 sentences
Biểu đồ có sự thay đổi theo thời gian (xu hướng)
School Enrollment
1600
1400
1200
Students enrolled

1000 Riverside School

Litchfield School
800
600
400
200
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

 Riverside: xu hướng giảm

 Litchfield: xu hướng tăng

Biểu đồ mô tả xu hướng

Xét 2 đặc điểm:

• Về xu hướng (nối điểm đầu-cuối, xét tăng -giảm -

hay không đổi)
Biểu đồ mô tả xu hướng
School Enrollment Đường đen nằm cao hơn
1600
1400
 số học sinh đăng ký vào
1200 Litchfield cao hơn
Students enrolled

1000 Riverside School

Litchfield School
800
600
400
200
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Biểu đồ mô tả xu hướng

Xét 2 đặc điểm:

• Về xu hướng (nối điểm đầu-cuối, xét tăng -giảm -

hay không đổi)

• Về độ lớn (áp dụng với bài có nhiều đường)

Check-up 1

 Xu hướng giảm
Check-up 1

Overall, it is obvious that the number of road accidents experienced a

gradual decrease over the period.
Check-up 2
The chart below shows male and female fitness
membership in Thailand between 1985 and 2015.
Xu hướng
6000
• Men: giảm
5000
• Women: tăng
4000

3000 women Độ lớn

men
2000 2010, số liệu cả 2 giới
1000 là cao nhất
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Check-up 2
The chart below shows male and female fitness
membership in Thailand between 1985 and 2015.
Overall, it is obvious that while
6000
the number of female fitness
5000
members rose, the opposite
4000 was true for that of males over
3000 women the period. Also, the year of
men
2000 2010 witness the highest
1000 number at both male and
0 female fitness members.
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Biểu đồ mô tả so sánh (không có sự thay đổi về thời gian)

Housing Preferences in the UK 2009

70% Giá trị
60% cao nhất
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Apartments Terraced Detached Semi-detached
Houses Houses Houses
Liverpool London
Biểu đồ mô tả so sánh

Xét 3 đặc điểm:

• Giá trị cao nhất

Biểu đồ mô tả so sánh (không có sự thay đổi về thời gian)

Housing Preferences in the UK 2009

70% Giá trị
60% cao nhất
50%
40%
Giá trị thấp
30% nhất
20%
10%
0%
Apartments Terraced Detached Semi-detached
Houses Houses Houses
Liverpool London
Biểu đồ mô tả so sánh

Xét 3 đặc điểm:

• Giá trị cao nhất

• Giá trị thấp nhất
Biểu đồ mô tả so sánh (không có sự thay đổi về thời gian)

Housing Preferences in the UK 2009

70% Giá trị
60% cao nhất Chênh lệch
nhiều nhất
50%
40%
Giá trị thấp
30% nhất
20%
10%
0%
Apartments Terraced Detached Semi-detached
Houses Houses Houses
Liverpool London
Biểu đồ mô tả so sánh

Xét 3 đặc điểm:

• Giá trị cao nhất

• Giá trị thấp nhất

• Giá trị chênh lệch nhiều nhất (nếu có)

Check-up 3

• Giá trị cao nhất:

Eyelid Surgery
_________________
• Giá trị thấp nhất:
Breast Enlargement
_________________
• Chênh lệch nhiều nhất:
Không có
_________________

It is clear that the most common type of surgery for women in Korea
was eyelid surgery while breast enlargement was the least common.
PRACTICE
Ex 1.1

The bar chart shows the percentage of Internet users in three different countries from 2000 to 2010.
(3 countries: Vietnam, America, Austria)

shows illustrates
the percentage the proportion
Internet users people using the Internet
countries nations
from … to … between … and …

=> The given bar chart illustrates the proportion of people using the Internet in three nations namely
Vietnam, America and Austria between 2000 and 2010.
Ex 1.2

The given graph shows the number of Asian elephants from 2010 to 2015.

shows gives the information about

the number of Asian elephant how many Asian elephants there were
from … to … over the period of

=> The graph below gives the information about how many Asian elephants there were over the
period of 5 years.
Ex 1.3

The below graph shows the number of tourists visiting two different cities in summer in 2015.
(1 cities: Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh)

shows illustrates
the number of tourists visiting how many visitors coming to

=> The given graph illustrates how many visitors coming to Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh city in summer
in 2015
 Ex 1.4

The line graph below shows the number of single-family homes constructed in the United States by regions
between 1950 and 2000.

shows illustrates
the number of single-family homes constructed how many single-family homes which were constructed
by regions in different regions
the United States America
between… and … from… to …

=> The given line graph illustrates how many single-family homes which were constructed in different
regions in America from 1950 to 2000.
 Ex 1.5

The table below shows the number of hours per week spent on computer games by young people.

shows table gives the information about

the number of hours per week spent on how many weekly hours were spent on
young people youngsters

=> The given table gives the information about how many weekly hours were spent on computer
games by youngsters.
 Ex 1.6

The pie charts below show electricity production by source in New Zealand in 1980 and 2010.

show Illustrate
electricity production the amount of electricity produced
in …. and … from … to …/ between … and ….

=> The given pie charts illustrate the amount of electricity produced by different sources in New
Zealand from 1980 to 2010.
 Ex 1.7

The line graph shows the amount of money spent on five different items by consumers in 2002.

shows Illustrates
the amount of money spent on how much money consumers spent on

=> The line graph below illustrates how much money consumers spent on five items in 2002.
 Ex 1.8

The graph shows the figure for Dubai gold sales in 2003.

shows gives information about

the figure for Dubai gold sales the amount of Dubai gold sold

=> The given graph gives information about the amount of Dubai gold sold in 2003.
 Ex 1.9

The graph shows the average number of Vietnamese students studying in Portugal, Korea and Japan
between 2010 and 2017.

shows illustrates
the average number of Vietnamese students studying how many Vietnamese students learnt

=> The graph illustrates how many Vietnamese students learnt in Portugal, Korea and Japan from
2010 to 2017.
Ex 1.10

The line graph shows the percentage of visitors to the website from 2000 to 2005.

shows illustrates
the percentage of visitors to proportion of people visiting

=> The line graph below illustrates the proportion of people visiting the website between 2000 and
2005.
Ex 1.11

The graph below gives information about Vietnamese government spending on Healthcare system
between 1980 and 2000.

gives information about illustrates

Vietnamese government spending on how much Vietnamese government spent on

=> The given graph illustrates how much Vietnamese government spent on Healthcare system from
1980 to 2000.
Ex 1.12

The pie chart shows the average household expenditures in Vietnam and Cambodia in 2015.
(Money spent on housing, transport, food, healthcare)

shows illustrates
household expenditures the amount of money households spent on

=> The pie chart illustrates the amount of money households spent on housing, transport, food and
healthcare in Vietnam and Cambodia in 2015.
 Ex 1.13

The graph shows the average consumption of food in 2 countries between 2008 and 2014.
(2 countries: Vietnam, France)

shows illustrates
the average consumption of food how much food was consumed
between … and … from … to …

=> The graph below illustrates how much food was consumed in 2 countries namely Vietnam and
France from 2008 to 2014.
Ex 1.14

The graph shows the percentage of mobile phones owners in Vietnam in the year 2000, 2005 and
2010.

shows gives
the percentage of the proportion of
mobile phones owners people owning mobile phones

=> The graph below gives the information about the proportion of people owning mobile phones in
Vietnam in 3 different years which were 2000, 2005 and 2010.
Ex 1.15

The table shows the average domestic water use in 5 countries from 2000 to 2010
(5 countries: the UK, Portugal, Vietnam, Japan, Austria)

shows gives
domestic water use the amount of water used domestically
from ... to … between … and …

=> The table illustrates the amount of water used domestically by 5 different nations namely the UK,
Portugal, Vietnam, Japan and Austria between 2000 and 2010.
Ex 2.1

Trends:
Fish and Chips: Decrease
Pizza + Hamburger: Increase

=> It is clear that while the number of times

eaten of Fish and chips decreased, the
opposite was true for pizza and hamburger
over the period.
 Ex 2.2

Trends:
GDP growth (annual %)
7 Japan: Increase

6 Tunisia and Ecuador: Decrease

5
Tunisia => It is clear that the GDP growth rate of
4 Japan
Ecuador Japan experienced a significant growth, while
3
the opposite was seen in that of Tunisia and
2
Ecuador.
1
0
2007 2008 2009 2010
Ex 2.3

Trend:
USA and China: Decrease

=> Overall, it is obvious that the

birth rates in both China and the
USA witnessed a downward trend
over the period of 80 years.
Ex 2.4

Downward trend

=> Overall, it is clear that the number of

single – family homes constructed in 5
different areas declined over the period.
Also, the number of homes built in the
South was the highest from 2006 to
2012.
Ex 2.5

Trends:
Riverside School: Decrease
Litchfiled School: Increase

=> Overall, it is obvious that the number of

students enrolling in Litchfield School
experienced an upward trend while the
opposite was true for that in Riverside School
from 2011 to 2015. Also, there were more
students who enrolled in Litchfield School
than in Riverside school over the period.
 Ex 3.1

Number of Tourists by Season

30000 Trends:

25000 The highest number of tourists:

Dover, Winter.
20000
Dover The lowest number of tourists:
15000 Troy
Troy, Spring and Winter.
10000 The significant difference between

5000 Troy and Denver: Winter

0
Spring Summer Fall Winter
 Ex 3.1

Number of Tourists by Season

30000 => Overall, it is clear that the highest

25000 number of tourists was seen in Dover in

winter while the opposite was true for Troy,
20000
Dover which had the lowest number of visitors in
15000 Troy
both spring and winter. Also, the biggest
10000 difference was in the number of people
5000 visiting Troy and Dover in winter.

0
Spring Summer Fall Winter
 Ex 3.2
Trends:
The highest number of servings: Hot coffee in

Average Daily Sales, by Number of Servings winter

80 The lowest number of servings: iced coffee in
70
winter
60
The most significant difference: between hot
Servings Sold

50
coffee in summer and winter
40 Winter
30 Summer
20

10

ffee ffee am u p
la
d
C o C o C r e So Sa
t d e
Ho cI e Ic
 Ex 3.2

Average Daily Sales, by Number of Servings => Overall, it is obvious that hot coffee was the most
80
popular choice in both two seasons while the opposite
70
was true for iced coffee. In addition, the biggest
60
difference was in the number of hot coffee servings sold
Servings Sold

50
Winter daily in summer and winter.
40
Summer
30

20

10

0
Hot Iced Ice Soup Salad
Coffee Coffee Cream
 Ex 3.3
The diagram below shows the average hours of unpaid work per week done by people in different
categories. (Unpaid work refers to such activities as the home, housework and gardening)
70
Trends:
60 The highest figure: married women doing

50 gardening
The lowest figure: married men doing
40
Maried Women childcare
30 Married Men The biggest difference: men and women
do gardening
20

10

0
Childcare Housework Gardening
 Ex 3.3
The diagram below shows the average hours of unpaid work per week done by people in different
categories. (Unpaid work refers to such activities as the home, housework and gardening)
70
=> It is clear that the highest figure was
60 seen in the number of average weekly

50 hours that married women spent on

doing gardening, while the opposite was
40
Maried Women true for that of men spent on doing
30 Married Men childcare. Also, the biggest difference was
seen in the amount of time married men
20
and women doing gardening.
10

0
Childcare Housework Gardening
 Ex 3.4

Birthday of Students by Month Trends:

12 The highest figure: students born in June

10 The lowest figure: students born in August

Number of Students

8
=> Overall, it is clear that while most
6 students were born in June, the opposite
4 was true for that in August.

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Homework 1.1

The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast food in Britain
(fast food: hamburgers, fish and chips, pizza)

shows illustrates
the amount of money per week spent on … how much money was spent on … weekly

=> The given chart illustrates how much money was spent on hamburgers, fish and chips, pizza
weekly in Britain.
Homework 1.2

The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women employees in 2010.

shows illustrates
the amount of leisure time how much leisure time
men and women employees male and female workers

=> The given chart illustrates how much leisure time male and female workers enjoyed in 2010.
Homework 1.3

The chart shows the number of Japanese tourists traveling abroad between 1985 and 1998.

shows gives the information

the number of how many
tourists travelers
traveling abroad visited other countries

=> The chart gives the information about how many Japanese travelers visited other countries from
1985 to 1998.
Homework 1.4

The table shows the proportion of different types of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999
(Cam 4 test 1)

shows illustrates
the proportion of the percentage of
types kinds
families living in poverty poor families

=> The table illustrates the percentage of different kinds of poor families in Australia in 1999.
Homework 1.5

The graph shows the demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer
(Cam 4 test 2)

shows illustrates
the demand for electricity how much electricity was demanded
typical days specific days

=> The graphs illustrates how much electricity was demanded in England during specific days in
winter and summer.
Homework 1.6

The pie chart shows the amount of electricity used in an average English home in 2012 (Cam 4 test 2)

shows illustrates
the amount of electricity used how much electricity was consumed

=> The pie chart illustrates how much electricity was consumed in an average English house in 2012.
Homework 1.7

The chart below shows the number of people who had post – school qualifications in Australia from
2010 to 2015.

shows illustrates
the number of people who had how many people had

=> The given chart illustrates how many people had post – school qualifications in Australia between
2010 and 2015.
Homework 2.1

Trends:
U.S.: Decrease
Japan: Increase

=> Overall, it is obvious that the

unemployment rate in US experienced a
downward trend, while the opposite
was true for that in Japan over the
period. Also, more people were
unemployed in the US than in Japan.
Homework 2.2

Upward Trend

=> Overall, it is clear that the figure

for both male and female experienced
an upward trend over the period.
Homework 2.3

Japanese tourists travelling abroad

16
Numbers travelling abroad (in mil-

Trend: Increase
14
The highest figure in 1995
12
10
=> Overall, it is clear that the number of
lions)

8 Japanese travelers to other nations saw a

6 significant increase in the period of 10
4 years. In addition, it was in 1995 that the
2 figure was the highest.
0
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
Homework 3.1

Estimated World illiteracy rates, by region and

gender, 2000.
60% Trends:
50% The highest value: Female in South Asia
40% The lowest value: Male in developed countries
30%
20% => Overall, it is clear that the illiteracy rate
10% of females in South Asia was the highest,
0%
s n a a es ia while the opposite was true for that of
ir e a ni fr i c t s
nt be ea A St
a A
u r ib c th males in developed countries.
co Ca a/
O
r an ab So
u
d / i a Ar
p e
ica t As Sa
h
elo er
a s b -
v E Su
De Am
tin
La
Male Female
Homework 3.2

Trends:
The Graph shows the number of boys and girls playing sport
in an English town in 2012. The highest figure: Football – Boys
70 The lowest figure: Hockey – Girls
60 The biggest difference: Between boys
50 and girls in football
40
30 => It is obvious that football was the
20 most popular sports among boys while it
10 was hockey that was the less attractive

0 for girls. Also, the biggest difference was

Tennis Badminton Cycling Swimming Football Hockey
seen in the number of boys and girls
Boys Girls
playing football.
Homework 3.3

Percentage of unemployed young people in 2005

Trends:
40%
The highest rate: unemployment in Poland
35%
The lowest rate: unemployment in Denmark
30%
25%
=> Overall, it is clear that the highest
20%
percentage of unemployment among
15% youngsters was seen in Poland, while the
10% opposite was true for that in Denmark.
5%
0%
Poland Italy Hungary Germany Denmark
Unemployment (15-24 year olds)