INTRODUCTION TO LED LIGHT AND ITS

APPLICATION IN MORDERN LIFE

ENGINEERING OPTICS AND APPLICATION PROJECT REPORT

LECTURER: DR. PHAM THI HAI MIEN

STUDENT: TRAN TAM NHA - STUDENT ID: 2152820 DAO
MINH KHANH TUYEN - STUDENT ID: 2153948
NGUYEN TRUNG THACH - STUDENT ID: 2153811
DINH HOANG DUY KHANH - STUDENT ID: 2153439
TRAN HUYNH GIA HUY - STUDENT ID: 2153394
CLASS: CC01

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Table of contents

I INTRODUCTION ABOUT LASER

II CHARACTERISTIC

III INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER

IV LASER COMPONENT 2

S
V TYPES OF LASER

VI LASER APPLICATION IN THE MEDICAL FIELD

 I. INTRODUCTION ABOUT LASER

What is Laser?
- Lasers are light sources that produce
electromagnetic radiation through the process of
stimulated emission. Laser light has properties
different from more common light sources, such as
incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps.
- Laser radiation spans a small range of wavelengths
and is emitted in a beam that is spatially narrow.

=> LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of

Radiation) 3

Fig 1. A telescope in the Very Large

Telescope system producing four orange laser
guide stars*

* Laser (2024) Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser. 3

 I. HISTORY

- Charles Townes laid groundwork for the laser in the 1950s by demonstrating amplification
of electromagnetic waves by stimulated emission. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1964.
- The first working laser was demonstrated in 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes
Research Laboratories.

Fig 2. Ads in popular science fiction Fig 3. Charles Hard Townes Fig 4. Theodore Harold Maiman
movies during the 1950s (28/07/1915 – 27/01/2015) (11/07/1927 – 05/05/2007) 4
 I. HISTORY

The first laser was constructed from a small ruby rod. It was excited by an intense xenon lamp and
emitted light at 694.3 nm.

Fig 5-6. The broadband optical pumping of a synthetic pink ruby crystal using a flash lamp is capable of
raising a substantial fraction of the chromium ions to the upper laser level. (Maiman, 1960)
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 II. CHARACTERISTIC

Monochromatic
- Monochromatic refersto single
a wavelength, or “one color” of
light.
- a narrow band of
Contains and can be produced
closer to monochromatic than light from other sources. wavelengths

Directionality or Divergence
The radiation is produced in a beam that is spatially narrow and has low divergence relative to other
light sources.
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Fig 7. The characteristic (monochromatic, directional and

coherent) of laser light and the comparison to the ordinary light

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 II. CHARACTERISTIC

Coherence
- The waves of light in a laser beam are thought of as in phase with one another at every point.
-The degree of coherence is proportional to the range of wavelengths in the light beam, or the beam’s
monochromaticity.
-Laser radiation has both spatial and temporal coherence, characterized by the coherence length and
the coherence time.

Fig 8. The difference between Coherent and Incoherent light

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 II. CHARACTERISTIC

Intensity
Because laser light is emitted as a narrow beam with small divergence, the brightness of a 1 mW laser
pointer, for example, is > 1,000 ×’s greater than that of the sun, which emits more than 1025 W of radiant
power.

Fig 9. The High-Intensity Laser Therapy and Low Level Laser

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 III. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER

Ground states and Excited states

Ground states
The lowest energy level for an individual atom occurs when its
electrons are all in the nearest possible orbits to its nucleus ,this
energy level is called the “Ground state”.

Excited states
When one or more of an atom’s electrons have absorbed energy,
they can move to outer orbits, and the atom is then referred to as
being excited, and that energy level is called as “Excited state.”
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Excited states are generally not stable; as electrons drop from

higher-energy to lower-energy levels, they emit the extra energy
as light.

Fig 10. The illustration of states in atom

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 III. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER

Induced Absorption or Stimulated Absorption:

An atom is in the ground state with energy E1 absorbs a photon of energy hv and goes to the excited state
with energy E2 as shown in Fig 11. This transition is known as stimulated absorption or induced absorption
or simply absorption. Here the energy difference is given as (E2 – E1) = hv.

Fig 11. Absorption transition*

https://www.physicsvidyapith.com/2022/02/absorption-spontaneous-emission-and-stimulated-emission-of-radiation.html 10
 III. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER

Spontaneous emission
The natural tendency of an atom is to seek out the lowest energy configuration. The excited atoms do not
stay in the excited state for longer time but tend to return to the lower state by giving up the excesses energy
hv as shown in Fig 12. The atom in the excited state E2 returns to the ground state E1 by emitting a photon
of energy hv without any external energy. Such emission of radiation not initiated by any external influence is
called spontaneous emission. This emission is uncontrollable.

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Fig 12. The spontaneous emission in atom 11

 III. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER

Stimulated emission
The atom in the excited state E2 as shown in Fig 13. A photon of energy hv can stimulate the atom to move
to its ground state. During this process the atom emits an additional photon whose energy is also hv. As the
emission is stimulated by external photon, this process is known as stimulated emission.

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Fig 13. The illustration of stimulated emission in atom 12

 III. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER

Population inversion:

From the above equation, it is clear that the population is maximum in ground state as compared with excited
state. N1 > N2 . If the situation is reverse, N2 > N1 , there are more atoms in an excited state than the ground
state, this condition is called “Population inversion”.

Fig 14. The population inversion*

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https://www.jsscacs.edu.in/sites/default/files/Department%20Files/LASERS%20(1).pdf 13
 IV. LASER COMPONENTS

- Active Medium
- Solid, gas, liquid, or semiconductor
materials
- Amplifies light by stimulated emission

2. Pumping Energy Source

- Supplies energy to the active medium
-Types: optical pumping (e.g., flash lamps,
other lasers), electric current

3. Resonance Cavity
- Pair of mirrors forming an optical cavity
- Provides feedback
to amplify
passing it through light by the medium
Fig 15. The Components of a laser* multiple times active

*Physical principles of LASER, Black, Sheila et al. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, Volume 15, Issue 11, 530 -
532
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 V. TYPES OF LASER

Depending on the nature of the active media, lasers are classified into three main categories, namely,
solid, liquid, and gas.

Solid-state Laser Gas Laser Liquid Laser

• Doped Insulator Laser • Atomic Gas Laser Eg. Chemical Laser, Dye
Eg. Ruby, Nd:YAG laser Eg. He-Ne Laser Laser
• Semiconductor Laser • Ion Las er
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Eg. Argon Ion Laser

•Molecular
Laser Eg. CO2,
Nitrogen, Excimer,
15
…
 V. TYPES OF LASER

Solid-state Laser Doped Insulator

• It have active media obtained by embedding these

into insulating host lattices
Transition metals Rare earth ions Actinides
(Ti+2, Cr+3, V+2, Co+2, (Ce+3, Pr+3, Nd+3, (U+3)
Ni+2, Fe+2,…) Pm+3, Sm+2, Eu+2+3,...)
• Different lasing wavelength in the active media is Figure 16. Component of Ruby Laser
obtained by doping of different host materials
with same ions
Eg. Y3Al5O12, YAlO3, Y3Ga5O12,…
Another example are Ruby Laser (Cr:Al2O3) and
Nd:YAG Laser (Nd:Y3Al5O12)

Figure 17. Component of Nd:YAG laser 16

 V. TYPES OF LASER

Solid-state Laser Semiconductor

• Semiconductor lasers also known as quantum well

lasers are smallest, cheapest, can be produced
in mass, and are easily scalable.
• They are basically p-n junction diode, very similar
to LEDs, with an additional layer called
“insintric layer’’ Figure 18. Component of Semiconductor Laser*
• Types of materials

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*Physical principles of LASER, Black, Sheila et al. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, Volume 15, Issue 11, Figure 19. Working principle of Semiconductor Laser*
530 17
- 532
 V. TYPES OF LASER

Gas Laser Atomic

• He–Ne laser is the simplest and representative of

atomic gas lasers.

• It consists of a narrow quartz tube filled with a

mixture of Helium and Neon gases in the ratio
10:1 respectively, at low pressure (~0.1 mm of Hg).
Figure 20. Component of He-Ne laser*
• Ne atoms act as active centers and responsible for
the laser action, while He atoms are used to
help in the excitation process

 The role of Helium atoms is to excite

Neon atoms and cause population inversion

Figure 21. Energy level Diagram of He –Ne Laser*

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 V. TYPES OF LASER

Gas Laser Ion

• Ion lasers are a type of gas lasers where ions are

used as laser-active agents. Usually, some
positively charged noble gas ions such as Ar+, Ar2+
or Kr+ play the key role.
• Argon ion laser is one of the widely used ion gas Figure 22. Construction of gas laser system (argon
lasers, which typically generates several ion laser with prism-based wavelength tuning)*
watts power of a green or blue output
beam with high beam quality.
• Other ion lasers being used are
+ Krypton Ion Laser
+ Argon/Krypton Ion Laser
+ Helium-Cadmium Laser

Figure 23. Energy level diagram of Argon Ion laser*

*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJN6oMXQ_3o&t=277s
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 V. TYPES OF LASER

Gas Laser Molecular

• Molecular lasers are gas lasers where the laser-

active constituents are molecules rather
than separate atoms or ions. Eg: CO2, CO, N2,…

• Some common molecular lasers are:

+ CO2 Lasers: use a gas mixture of CO2, He,
N2, and possibly some H2, water vapor, and/or xenon
(Xe) for generating laser radiation
+ Nitrogen Lasers: based on pure nitrogen, a
nitrogen–helium mixture, and sometimes even simply
air (with lower performance).
+ Excimers Lasers: are molecules such as ArF,
KrF, XeCl, and so on, that have repulsive or Figure 24. Component of CO2 laser
dissociating ground states and are stable in their first
excited state.
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 V. TYPES OF LASER

Liquid Laser

• A dye laser is a laser in which an organic dye is used

as the lasing medium. These organic dye can
be dissolve in solvent like water, ethanol
alcohol and methanol
• Organic dyes such DCM, rhodamine, styryl, LDS,
coumarin, stilbene, and so on, dissolved Figure 25. Component of dye laser*
in appropriate solvents act as gain media

• Most widely used dye is Rhodamine 6G, also known

as Xanthen

• Dye laser operates without any metastable state

Figure 26. Energy level diagram of dye laser*

*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Piv4MdKg0os 21
 VI. LASER APPLICATION IN THE MEDICAL FIELD

LASER TATTOO REMOVAL MACHINE

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Figure 27. Candela PicoWay laser tattoo removal

*https://aestheticlaserrentals.com/aesthetic-equipment/candela-picoway 22
 VI. LASER TATTOO REMOVAL MACHINE

TARGETING THE TATTOO INK

Tattoos come in every color

imaginable. And, just like all other
objects around us, different colors
of tattoos absorb and reflect
different wavelengths of light at
different rates.

Because the goal of laser tattoo 23

removal is to have the tattoo ink

absorb the laser light, you want to
make sure that the wavelength Figure 28. Different wavelength used in tattoo removal
you use is well-absorbed by the
tattoo.

*https://newlooklasercollege.com/how-tattoo-removal-works/ 23
 VI. LASER APPLICATION IN THE MEDICAL FIELD

LASIK LASER EYES SURGERY

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Figure 29. An LASIK eyes surgery

*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASIK 24
 VI. LASER APPLICATION IN THE MEDICAL FIELD

WORKING PRINCIPLE
LASIK - the acronym for laser assisted in situ
keratomileusis which is the name of a surgical
technique for creating a flap in the cornea with a
microkeratome and using a laser to reshape the
underlying cornea.

The cornea and lens refract the light so it lands

on the retina. The retina turns light into signals
that travel to your brain and become images. With
refractive errors, the shape of your cornea or le n 2 5

s keeps light from bending properly.

LASIK changes the shape of your cornea to

improve how light hits your retina. This, in turn,
allows you to see more clearly.
Figure 30. LASIK eyes surgery working principle

*https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21805-lasik-eye-surgery 25
 REFERENCES

1 “Lasers,” Introduction to Optics, pp. 379–448. doi:10.1007/0-387-27598-3_9

2 “Introduction to Laser Operation,” Laser Physics, pp. 1–15, Mar. 2010. doi:10.1002/9780470409718.ch1

3E. Hecht, “Book RVW: Fundamentals of Photonics. by Bahaa E. A. Saleh and Malvin Carl

Teich,” Optical Engineering, vol. 31, no. 04, p. 863, Apr. 1992. doi:10.1117/1.oe.31.4.bkrvw1

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 THANK YOU
FOR
UR ATTENTION
YO
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LECTURER: DR.PHAM THI HAI
MIEN