COUNSELING
PSYCHOLOGY
MODULE 3:COUNSELING
APPROACHES
By Maitri Patel, Visiting Lecturer.
Amity University, Mumbai
1.Insight-oriented Counseling: Client-Centered
a. View of Human Nature.
b. Role of a Counselor
c. Goals of Counseling
d. Techniques used
e. Limitations
Contents 2. Action-oriented Counseling: Behavioral.
a. Four aspects of Behavior therapy
b. View of Human Nature
c. Role of a Counselor
d. Goals of Counseling
e. Techniques used
f. Limitations
3. Insight Oriented versus Action Oriented
Counseling
What is
Insight oriented Approach ?
Client-Centered Approach
• Client/Person-Centered approach, founded by Carl
Rogers in the 1940’s, is based on the belief that
people have the capacity and the right to
move toward self-actualisation.
• People are rational, forward-moving, and
realistic beings.
• Negative, antisocial emotions are the result of
frustrated basic impulses.
• The client is fully capable of fulfilling their own
potential for growth.
• People are essentially good and are
characteristically positive, forward- moving,
constructive, realistic and trustworthy.
• Each of us has the innate ability to reach our
full potential.
View of Human
• The self concept we develop in response to our
early experiences may tend to alienate Nature
us from our true self.
• There is no such thing as mental illness.
• It is just a matter of being disconnected from
our self-potential.
• Rogers views the individual from a
phenomenological perspective, that is according to
him the important aspect is the person’s
perception of reality rather than an event
itself. View of Human
• His ideas are often referred to as “Self Theory”. Nature
• The self is an out growth of what a person
experiences, and an awareness of self helps a
person differentiate him or herself from
others.
ROLE OF A COUNSELOR
• The counselor’s role is a holistic one.
• Promotes a climate in which the client is free and is
encouraged to explore all aspects of self.
• Strives to develop a greater degree of
independence and integration for individuals.
• Clients are prepared to be open to the
experience of counseling, to have trust in
themselves, to evaluate themselves
internally, and pursue a willingness towards
continued growth.
‹#›
ROLE OF A COUNSELOR
• Exploring a wider range of beliefs
and feelings.
• Help clients to better appreciate who
they are and what they are
capable of accomplishing.
‹#›
• Consider the client as a person, not his or her
problem.
• Rogers emphasises that people need to be
assisted in learning how to cope with
situations.
• The client moves towards the goals of
realisation, fulfillment, autonomy, self
determination, and perfection by
becoming more realistic in their GOALS OF
perceptions. COUNSELING
• The aim is to make them more confident, more
self directed, more positively valued by
themselves and less likely to be upset by
stress.
• They should be healthier, integrated, and
TECHNIQUES USED...
• The counselor as a person is vital to person centered counseling.
• Counsellors display openness, empathic understanding, independence,
spontaneity, acceptance, mutual respect and intimacy.
• They encourage clients to work toward achieving these same conditions as ultimate counselling
goals.
• The primary techniques are the counsellor’s attitudes toward people in the following:
⚬ Unconditional positive regard
⚬ Empathetic Understanding
⚬ Congruence
Methods that help promote client-
counselor relationship
Active and passive listening
Reflection of thoughts and feelings
Clarification
Summarizing
Confrontation of contradictions
General or open leads that help client self exploration
• Does not focus on diagnosing and treating
pathology, as it rejects the medical model of
therapy
• May not be effective for clients who have
difficulty with metacognitive functioning,
authenticity of experiences, and
understanding the sources of their
LIMITATIONS experiences.
• May not be suitable for clients with "blocking"
emotional experiences, which are
resistant to influence and somatized.
• Does not address the client's psycho-social
issues in depth.
What is
Action oriented Approach ?
Behavioral Approach
• Primary learning comes from experience and applies
learning principles to the elimination of
unwanted behaviours.
• Help the client analyse behaviour, define
problems, and select goals.
• It concentrates on the ‘here and now’ without
focusing on the past to find a reason for the behaviour.
• People behave in the way that their environment
has taught them to behave, e.g., through
rewards and punishments, modeling, etc.
• So this approach attempts to change the way the
environment reinforces particular maladaptive
behaviour and helps people to learn new
behaviours. ‹#›
FOUR ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning Approach
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
‹#›
• Humans are neither good nor bad but are living
organisms capable of experiencing a
variety of behaviours.
• Their personality is composed of traits.
• People can conceptualise and control their
behaviour and have the ability to learn new
behaviours.
VIEW OF HUMAN
NATURE
• People can influence the behaviour of
others as well as be influenced by the
behaviour of others.
• Emphasizes behavioural processes as they are
closely associated with overt behaviour and
believe that all behaviour is learned, ‹#›
whether it is adaptive or maladaptive.
• The counsellor functions as a consultant, teacher,
advisor and facilitator.
• The behaviour counsellor tries to help the individual to
learn new and more adaptable behaviours and to
unlearn old non adaptable behaviours.
• The behaviour counsellor focuses attention on the
ROLE OF A individual’s ongoing behaviours and their
consequences in his own environment.
COUNSELOR
• He tries to restructure the environment so that more
adaptable patterns of behaviour can be learned and non
adaptable patterns of behaviour can be unlearned.
• An effective behavioural counsellor operates from a
broader perspective and involves the client in
every phase of counselling.
• Basically behavioural counsellors want
to help clients make good
adjustments to
circumstances and achieve
life
GOALS OF
personal and professional COUNSELING
objectives.
• A major step is to reach mutually
agreed upon goals.
TECHNIQUES USED...
• General behavioural techniques are
applicable to all behaviour theories,
although a given technique may be
applicable to a particular
approach at a given time in a
specific circumstance.
• In order to learn new behaviors, various
behavior experiments, role
playing, assertiveness training,
behavior modification, and self-
Systematic Desensitization
• This is a technique used specifically with phobias
• It helps the client to pair relaxation with previously feared stimuli
Aversion Therapy
• It is almost the opposite of systematic desensitisation and has the client pair some aversive stimuli
(e.g., nausea, pain, disturbing images, etc.) with some behaviour that he/she is having
difficulty giving up.
Behavior Modification programs
These approaches try to increase
positive behaviour and decrease
negative behaviour by using
reinforcements and punishments in
the most effective ways based on
learning principles
The counselor will try to help the
parents identify in what ways the
undesired behaviour is being
reinforced and eliminate that
reinforcement and help them
develop ways to reinforce desired
behaviour.
Use of Reinforces
• Reinforcers are those events which increase the probability of occurrence of a desired
behaviour in the future by applying consequences that depend on the behaviour in question.
- Positive Reinforcement
- Negative Reinforcement
- Punishment
• Shaping
• Extinction
• Generalization
• Discrimination
The cognitive behavioural
approach
• The key principle behind CBT is that your
thought patterns affect your emotions, which,
in turn, can affect your behaviors.
• Some of the techniques used are
Cognitive Restructuring or reframing
Guided Discovery
Exposure Therapy
Successive Approximation
Role Playing
• One limitation is that it focuses on the
individual's current life situation,
which may not address underlying
causes of behavior.
• Another limitation is that behavior therapy
LIMITATIONS has been found to have limited efficacy,
with many patients not improving or
maintaining their gains.
• Additionally, behavior therapy may be
limited by its reliance on specific
techniques and interventions, which
may not be effective for all individuals or all
types of behaviors.
Insight oriented verses Action
oriented approaches
Testing, Assessment and Diagnosis
in Counseling.
Testing
• Testing, assessment and Diagnosis, “are integral components of the counseling
process” that are used in all stages of counseling from referral to follow up (Hohenshil,
1996).
• Anastasi (1982) defines a psychological test as “essentially an objective and
standardized measure of behavior”
• To understand a test, counselors must know
- the characteristics of its standardization sample
- the types and degree of its reliability and validity,
- the reliability and validity of comparable tests,
- The scoring procedures,
- the method of administration
- the limitations, and
- the strengths (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2009)
Types of Tests in Counseling
• Fremer and Wall (2004) (as cited by Popoola and Oluwatosin, 2018) identified five major
uses of tests in the professional practice of counselling. They include:
Achievement Tests
Aptitude Tests
Interest and Occupational Tests
Personality Tests
Intelligence Tests
Classification of Tests
• There are many classification of tests. Shertzer and Stone (1981) list seven:
1. Standardized versus non-standardized tests
2. Individual versus group tests
3. Speed versus power tests
4. Performance versus paper and pencil tests
5. Objective versus subjective tests
6. Maximum versus typical performance tests
7. Norm versus criterion based tests
Problems and Potential of using Tests
• Testing encourages client dependency on both the counselor and an external
source of information for problem solving.
• Test data prejudice the counselor’s picture of an individual (Shertzer and Stone,
1980).
• Tests are culturally biased and discriminatory, measure irrelevant skills, obscure
talent, are used mechanically, invade privacy, can be faked, and foster
undesirable competition (Hood & Johnson, 2007)
Test selection in counseling
Goldman (1971) stressed that steps involved in the process of using tests in
counselling include the following;
Selecting
Administering
Scoring
Interpreting
Communicating
Assessment
The procedures and processes of collecting information and measures
of human behavior apart from the test data.
According to Cornier, Nurius, and Osborn (2009) assessment has six
purposes.
• “To obtain information on a client’s presenting problem and on other, related
problems”.
• “To identify the controlling or contributing variables associated with the problem”.
• “To determine the client’s goals/expectations for counseling outcomes.”
• “To gather baseline data that will be compared to subsequent data to assess and
evaluate client progress and the effects of treatment strategies”.
• To educate and motivate the client” by sharing the counselor’s view of the
situation, increasing client receptivity to treatment, and contributing to therapeutic
change.
• “To use the information obtained from the client to plan effective treatment
Types of Assessment
Assessment can be obtained “through a variety of formal and informal
techniques including standardized tests, diagnostic interviews, projective
personality measures, questionnaires, mental status examinations,
checklists, behavioral obseravtions, and reports by significant others
(medical, educational, social, and legal, etc) (Hohenshil, 1996).
S Jeffrey, Greene, Kegal and William (2007) (as cited by Popoola and
Oluwatosin, 2018) summarized some of these to include:
• Educational Assessment
• Career Assessment
• Behavioral Assessment
• Personality Assessment
• Neuropsychological Assessment
• Assessment of Organizational Culture.
Counselor’s Competencies in the use of test and
assessment in Counseling
Diagnosis
Diagnosis... “is the meaning or interpretation that is derived from
assessment information and is usually translated in the form of some
type of classification system”(Hohenshil, 1993).
When used appropriately, diagnosis do the following:
• Describe a person’s current functioning
• Provide a common language for clinicians to use in dicussing the client
• Lead to a consistent and continual type of care
• Help direct and focus treatment plan
• Help counselors fit clients within their scope of treatment (Rueth et al., 1998)
• Helps insurance companies for reimbursement for counseling services.
References
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