Types of
Tailed-Test
One-tailed test
The alternative hypothesis is of the form .
The rejection region is on one side of the distribution.
It is either on the left or on the right tail of the curve
depending on how the alternative hypothesis is stated.
It is directional.
One-tailed test
The alternative hypothesis is of the form .
The rejection region is on one side of the distribution.
It is either on the left or on the right tail of the curve
depending on how the alternative hypothesis is stated.
It is directional.
One-tailed test
The alternative hypothesis is of the form .
The rejection region is on one side of the distribution.
It is either on the left or on the right tail of the curve
depending on how the alternative hypothesis is stated.
It is directional.
Two-tailed test
The rejection region is on both sides of the curve.
The alternative hypothesis contains the inequality() symbol.
It is non-directional.
The alpha is divided equally between the two tails.
Two-tailed test
The rejection region is on both sides of the curve.
The alternative hypothesis contains the inequality() symbol.
It is non-directional.
The alpha is divided equally between the two tails.
Some Key Words that denotes
direction:
LEFT-TAILED
Lesser Ineffective
Diminish Fewer
Decreases Delayed
Some Key Words that denotes
direction:
LEFT-TAILED RIGHT-TAILED
Lesser Ineffective Greater Efficient
Diminish Fewer Increases Improves
Decreases Delayed Augment Effective
Advances More
Activity 1
Determine whether each situation is
one-tailed test or two-tailed test
1. The Mathematics teacher claims that the mean IQ of Statistics students is 110. The mean IQ of the 32
randomly selected Statistics students is 112 which is more than what the Mathematics teacher claims.
2. A manufacturer of IT gadgets recently announced they had developed a new battery for a tablet and
claimed that it has an average life of at least 24 hours. Would you buy this battery?
3. The Head of the Math Department announced that the mean score of Grade 9 students in the first
Periodic exam in Mathematics was 89 and the standard deviation was 12. One teacher who believed
that the mean score was less than this, randomly selected 34 students and computed their mean
score. He obtained a mean score of 85. At 0.01 level of significance, test the teacher’s belief.
4. The Principal of the school claims that the mean age of the teachers is 45 years. The mean age of the
randomly selected teachers is 42 years, which is not equal to what is claimed by the principal.
Rejection Region
It refers to the region under the normal curve where the value
of the test statistic lies for which the null hypothesis will be
rejected.
This region is sometimes called critical region.
Rejection Region
If the computed statistic lies on the rejection region, then we reject
the null hypothesis.
If it is found outside the rejection region, we do not reject (accept)
the null hypothesis.
Notice also that there is a line that separates the rejection region from
the non-rejection region denoted by . This line passes through the
confidence coefficients, which are also called critical values.
Types of Errors
Type I Error
Committed when the
A Type I error is committed
researcher rejects a null
if you decide not to buy the
hypothesis when in fact it is
battery and a possible
true. The probability of
consequence is you lost the
committing a Type I error is
opportunity to have a
also called the level of
battery that could last for at
significance. Alpha is used to
least 72 hours.
represent the probability of
Type I error.
Types of Errors
Type II Error
Committed when the
A Type II error is committed
researcher fails to reject a
if you decide to buy the
null hypothesis that is false.
battery and found out that
Beta is used to represent
the battery’s life was less
the probability of a Type II
than 72 hours. A possible
error.
consequence is that you
wasted your money in
buying the battery.
Critical values for the z-statistic
Determining the Appropriate Test
Statistics
A test statistic is a random variable that is calculated from sample data
and used in a hypothesis test. You can use test statistics to determine
whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis. The test statistic compares
your data with what is expected under the null hypothesis. To identify the
test-statistic, you must consider whether the population standard
deviation/variance is known or unknown. If the population standard deviation
is known, then the mean has a normal distribution. Use z-test. If the
population standard deviation is unknown, then the mean has t-distribution.
Use t-test. Instead of the population standard deviation, use the sample
standard deviation.
Determining the Appropriate Test
Statistics
In a z-test the sample is assumed to be normally distributed. A z-score is
calculated with population parameters such as “population mean” and
“population standard deviation”. It is used to validate a hypothesis that the
sample drawn belongs to the same population. When the variance is known and
either the distribution is normal or sample size is large, use a z-test statistic.
Like a z-test, a t-test also assume a normal distribution of the sample. A t-test is
used when the population variance or standard deviation are not known. When
the variance is unknown and a sample size is less than 30, use a t-test statistic
assuming that the population is normal or approximately normal.
Steps in Testing Hypothesis
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
3. Determine the test-statistic and compute the test-statistic value.
4. Draw the normal curve.
5. Make a decision.
6. State the conclusion.
Hypothesis Testing about a
Population Mean when the
Variance is Known.
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle
drivers slaims that the average daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers
in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle drivers in
Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of
these drivers is found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out
if the average daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City
is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is P8,464.
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average
daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is
found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all
tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is
P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average
daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is
found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all
tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is
P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average
daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is
found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all
tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is
P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average
daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is
found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all
tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is
P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
=0.05 , two tailed test,
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average
daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is
found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all
tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is
P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
=0.05 , two tailed test,
Step 3. Compute the test-statistic value.
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average
daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is
found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all
tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is
P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
=0.05 , two tailed test,
Step 3. Compute the test-statistic value.
=
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average
daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is
found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all
tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is
P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
=0.05 , two tailed test,
Step 3. Compute the test-statistic value.
Step 4. Draw the normal curve.
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average
daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is
found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all
tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is
P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
=0.05 , two tailed test,
Step 3. Compute the test-statistic value.
Step 4. Draw the normal curve.
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average
daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is found
to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
=0.05 , two tailed test,
Step 3. Compute the test-statistic value.
Step 4. Draw the normal curve.
Step 5. Make a decision.
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average
daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle
drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is
found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all
tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
=0.05 , two tailed test,
Step 3. Compute the test-statistic value.
Step 4. Draw the normal curve.
Step 5. Make a decision.
Reject Do not Reject or Accept
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average daily
take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle drivers in
Kidapawan City were interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is found to be P425.
Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan
City is different from P400. Assume that the population variance is P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
=0.05 , two tailed test,
Step 3. Compute the test-statistic value.
Step 4. Draw the normal curve.
Step 5. Make a decision.
Reject Do not Reject or Accept
Step 6. State the conclusion.
Example 1
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the leader of the association of tricycle drivers slaims that the average daily take home pay
of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is P400. A random sample of 100 tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City were interviewed
and the average daily take home pay of these drivers is found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the
average daily take home pay of all tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is different from P400. Assume that the population
variance is P8,464.
Step 1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2. Identify the level of significance , tailed-test, and critical value.
=0.05 , two tailed test,
Step 3. Compute the test-statistic value.
Step 4. Draw the normal curve.
Step 5. Make a decision.
Reject Do not Reject or Accept
Step 6. State the conclusion.
Therefore, the average daily take home pay of tricycle drivers in Kidapawan City is not equal to P400. This result considered
to be significant at level.
Important:
Accepting or Rejecting the Null Hypothesis
1. Determine the critical value using the appropriate statistical table.
2. Compare the computed test statistic value with the critical value.
3. If the computed value falls on the rejection region, then reject the null
hypothesis. If it does not fall on the rejection region, accept the null
hypothesis.
Activity :
1. The average IQ of a certain population is 100 with a standard deviation of 25. A
team of scientist wants to test a new medication to see if it has a positive effect on
intelligence. A random sample of 30 participants who are taking the medication has
a mean of 107. Did the medication affect intelligence? Test the claim using .
2. A company which produces batteries claims that the life expectancy of their
batteries is 90 hours. In order to test the claim, a consumer interest group tested a
random sample of 40 batteries. The test resulted to a mean life expectancy of 87
hours. Using 0.01 level of significance, can it be concluded that the life expectancy
of their batteries is less than 90 hours? Assume that the population standard
deviation is known to be 10 hours.
