Network Analysis and Synthesis

Chapter 2
Network transform representation
and analysis
 2.1 The transformed circuit
• When analyzing a network in time domain we
will be dealing with
– Derivation and
– Integration
• However, when transformed to complex
frequency domain these become
– Derivation -> multiplication by ‘s’
– Integration -> division by ‘s’
• Hence, it is easier to do network analysis in
complex frequency domain.
• The voltage current relationships of network
elements in time domain and complex
frequency domain are given as:

• Resistor

v(t)  V (s)  RI
Ri(t) (s)
• Inductor
– The time domain relation ships are
di(t)
v(t)  L dt
t
i(t)  1  v( )d  

i(0 ) 0
L
– In frequency domain
they become
V (s)
(s)  sLI(s)
VI (s) i(0


Li(0) )

 sL s
• An inductor is represented in frequency
domain as
– An impedance sL in series with a voltage
source
Used in mesh analysis.
or
– An admittance 1/sL in parallel with a current
source
Used in nodal analysis.
• Capacitor
– The time domain relation ships are
t
v(t)  1  i( )d  v(0


) 0
C
dv(t)
i(t)  C dt
– In frequency domain they
become I (s) v(0  )
V (s) 
 sC s
I (s)  sCV (s) 
Cv(0  )
• A capacitor is represented in frequency
domain as
– An impedance 1/sC in series with a
voltage source
Used in mesh analysis.
or
– An admittance sC in
parallel with a current
source
Used in nodal analysis.
 Example 1
• In the figure below, the switch is switched from
postion 1 to 2 at t=0. Draw its transformed circuit and
write the transformed equations using mesh analysis.
• The transformed circuit is
• The transformed equations become
 Example 2
• The switch is thrown to position 2 at t=0. Find
i(t). i (0 ) 
L


2amp
vC (0  ) 
2V
• The transformed circuit is
• Writing the transformed equation

5 2 2
s2   3  s    I
s
(s)
s
2s 
• Solving for I(s) I (s)
(s 3 2)(s

1)
1 1
I (s) 
 s2 s
• Inverse transforming 1
i(t)  e2t e t
 Example 3
• At t=0, the switch is opened. Find the node
voltages v1 and v2
1 C
L 1f
h 2
G  1 mho V 
1v
• The transformed circuit becomes
• The transformed equations become

• Solving these 2 equations

 2.2 System function
• The excitation , e(t), and response, r(t), of a linear
system are related by a linear differential equation.
• When transformed to complex frequency domain the
relationship between excitation and response is
algebraic one.
• When the system is initially inert, the excitation and
response are related by the system function H(s)
given by
R(s)  H (s)E(s)
• The system function may have many different
forms and may have special names. Such as:
– Driving point admittance
– Transfer impedance
– Voltage or current ratio transfer function
• This is because the excitation and response
may be taken from the same port or different
ports and the excitation and response can be
either voltage or current.
 Impedance
• Transfer impedance is when the excitation is a
current source and the response is a voltage.
V (s)
H (s)  I g 0(s)

• When both the excitation and response is

theat same port it is called driving
point impedance.
1
sL
H (s)  R  1 sC
 sL
sC
 Admittanc
e
• Transfer admittance is when the excitation is a
voltage source and the response is a current.
I (s)
H (s) Vg0 (s)

1
H (s)
 1
sL  sC 
R
 Voltage ratio transfer function
• When the excitation is a voltage source
and the response is a voltage.
V (s)
H (s) Vg0(s)

Z 2 (s)
H (s)
 Z1 (s)  Z 2
(s)
 Current ratio transfer function
• When the excitation is a current source
and the response is a current.
I 0 (s)
H (s)  I g (s)
1

H (s)  sL  R
1
sC
 sL 
1 R

H (s)  sC
1
R  sL sC
• Note that, the system function is a function of
the system elements only.
• It is obtained from the network by using the
standard circuit laws. Such as:
– Kirchhoffs law
– Nodal analysis
– Mesh analysis
 Example 4
• Obtain the driving point impedance of the network.
Then using the following excitations determine the
response.
1. ig (t)  Sinwo t u(t)
2. The square pulse on figure b
3. The waveform on figure c

a b c
• First lets find the driving point impedance
• Note that it is the equivalent impedance of
the 3 elements
1 s
H (s) 
 1 C  s 2   G  s  1 
sC  sL    C  CL 
G
1. i (t) 
g

Sinw t u(t)
Its transform is
o

w0
I (S) 2
 s  o
w2
Hence, the response is
wo s
Vo (s)  I g (s)H (s) 2 .
s  wo  2
2
G 1 
 
C  s 
C LC 
s
2. The excitation is given as
i(t)  u(t)  u(t  a)
1 1
I (s)   e  a s
s
s
Hence, the response is 1  e as s
Vo (s)  I g (s)H (s) .
s  G1 
 
C  s  s
2

C LC 
3. The excitation is given as

t ta
ig (t)  u(t) a u(t)  a u(t  a)

1 1 e as
I (s)  2 2
 s as
as
• Consider the partial fraction expansion of R(s)

where si are the poles of H(s) and sj are the poles of E(s).
• Taking the inverse Laplace transform of R(s)

si t
• The terms Ai e are associated with the system
H(s) and are called the free response terms.
 s jt
• The terms B e are due to
j
the excitation E(s)
and are called the forced
response terms.
• The frequencies si are the natural frequency
of the system, while the frequencies sj are the
frequencies of the excitation.
 Problem
• Find the free response and the forced
response for the circuit below. The system is
inert before applying the source.
1
v g (t) 2 (cos
t)u(t)