Methods Section

 Research Design
 Participants

- characteristics of the participants

- sampling method/design
 Instrument(s)

Validity and Reliability of the Research

Instrument
 Data Gathering Procedures

 Statistical Treatment (for Quanti) or Data

Analysis (For Quali & Mixed Methods)

 Ethical Considerations
 What is the relationship among
the Statement of the problem
and Research
Design/Methodology?
•Research Design
 Type of Research

EXPERIMENTAL • Evaluates the effect or outcome of a

RESEARCH particular intervention or treatment.
• It studies the “cause and effect”
relationship between certain factors on a
certain phenomenon under controlled
conditions.
 Type of Research

NON-EXPERIMENTAL • Inquiry in which the investigator has no

RESEARCH direct control over what is studied, either
because it has already occurred or
because it cannot be controlled
• Classified as descriptive, analytical or
causal comparative
Non-Experimental Research

DESCRIPTIVE • Studies that provide simple information,

RESEARCH and relationships or correlations, which
tie two or more factors together

ANALYTICAL • Includes historical, linguistic,

RESEARCH philosophical and legal analyses that rely
on deductive reasoning to establish
important relationships and conclusions

CAUSAL • Describe relationships between

COMPARATIVE something that occurred in the past and
RESEARCH subsequent responses in such a way that
it maybe possible to draw causal
relationships between them; quasi-
experimental (e.g., Ex Post Facto)
Research
Design
Choose the best method of research that would best permit the
attainment of the objectives of the study, and this depends on the
research questions

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN:

• Used to obtain information concerning
the current status of the phenomenon to
describe "what exists" with respect to
variables or conditions in a situation
• Designed for the investigator to gather
information about present conditions
• Goal is to describe the nature of the
situation
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS

SURVEY:
• To gather a relatively limited data from a large
number of participants to measure existing
phenomenon without inquiring why it exists

CASE STUDY:
• A very detailed description and analysis of the
subject matter of a person, event, institution or
community over a period of time
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY:
• To get reliable information about a group of people
over a long period of time.
• Longitudinal - if the researcher studies the same
participants over an extended period of time.
• Cross-sectional - if the researcher studies
participants of various age levels and of other
characteristics at the same point in time.
• Cross-sequential – combination of the two

ASSESSMENT STUDY:
• To determine the efficiency or effectiveness of
practices, policies, instruments, and other
variables
DESCRIPTIVE METHODS
COMPARATIVE STUDY:
• To compare the characteristics of groups
according to some selected variables, without
the purpose of determining the cause of such
difference

TRACER STUDY:
• To follow up the development of participants
after a specified treatment, intervention or
condition
CAUSAL COMPARATIVE
CORRELATIONAL STUDY:
• Designed to determine which different
variables are related to each other in the
population of interest

EX-POST FACTO STUDY:

• To determine the reason for existing
differences in the behavior or status of groups
or individuals
• Researcher “looks back” to determine which
variables could explain the differences among
the individuals
Survey Method

RECONSTRUCTION OF PAST
EVENTS
PREDICTION OF PROSPECTIVE
EVENTS
ALLOWS STUDY OF MANY
VARIABLES
Identify study focus
PERMITS STUDY OF MANY
Determine samples
PARTICIPANTS
Identify time of survey
SUMMARIZES DATA INTO
NUMBERS
Characteristics of the
Survey Method

• Information is collected from a group of people in

order to describe some aspects or characteristics of
the population to which that group is part of (abilities,
opinions, attitudes, beliefs, knowledge)

• Primarily information is collected is through asking

questions; the answers to these questions by the
members of the group constitute the data of the study

• Information is collected from a sample or from every

member of the population (aka Total
Enumeration/Census)
 Research Design Section
How To Write this Section
 State the research design
 And describe and justify the appropriateness
of the research approach/design to be used
 Succeeding paragraph discusses the
method; describe and justify the use of a
particular method
 Last paragraph discussed the specific data-
gathering technique (e.g., in-depth
interview; survey interview, FGD, KII, use of
a standardized test); describe and justify
 Source of the description of the Design,
Method & Data-gathering technique should
rsp be cited (Source should be Journals & Books)
 • Participants
 Describe the characteristics of your
participants
 Location, Age, Sex, and other information
PERTINENT to the study objectives/SOP
 Process of participant identification
 Criteria for participant selection
 Sampling Method: Simple Random, Stratified
Random; Purposive, Convenience
 Do not include an inclusion criteria for
quantitative methods
 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for qualitative
studies
SAMPLING

• Process which involve taking a part of the population,

making observations on this representative sample, and
then generalizing the findings to the bigger population

IDENTIFICATION OF
THE POPULATION

DETERMINATION OF
REQUIRED SAMPLE
SIZE

SELECTION OF
SAMPLE
PARTICIPANTS
SAMPLE SIZE OF THE POPULATION

SLOVIN’S N
FORMULA n = ------------
1 + Ne2
Where:
n - sample size
N - population size
e - desired margin of
error that samples
are representative of the
POPULATION ±1 population
±2 ±3 ±4 ±5 ±10

500 * * * * 222 83
1500 * * 638 441 316 94
9000 * 1957 989 584 383 99
10000 5000 2000 1000 588 385 99
50000 8333 2381 1087 617 387 100
TYPES OF SAMPLES

RANDOM Members are chosen

SAMPLE without a particular
preference for any
member of the
population

NON- Members are picked on

RANDOM the basis of some
SAMPLE preference for particular
members of the
population

“Whether the sample is random or non-

random, what is important is that the
sample is representative of the population
for the purpose for which it is being used.”
 SAMPLING
STRATEGIES
PROBABILITY SAMPLING STRATEGIES

• Elements are randomly selected from a population

BIAS IS AVOIDED
IN THE
IDENTIFICATION
OF ELEMENTS
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

• All elements are given an equal chance of being included in

the sample
EASILY IMPLEMENTED TO
HOMOGENOUS POPULATION

THE LOTTERY Names of entire population

METHOD are written on paper, and a
given number of sample are
drawn at random

TABLE OF Number the list of names of

RANDOM the population and use table
NUMBERS of random numbers to get
samples
ALL NAMES IN THE POPULATION SHOULD BE
INCLUDED IN THE SAMPLING FRAME, AND
CONSIDER THE SAMPLE SIZE OF THE
POPULATION
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

• Sampling after every regular interval

Not applicable if it is important to get

REPRESENTATION for particular subgroups of the same
population that have different sample sizes
Decide on the sample size Sample size of 200 from a
population of 2000
Assign a number to each member of the population Start with 0001
Divide the population size by the sample size to get Sampling interval is 10
sampling interval
Randomly select a number between the sampling Pick number 0003
interval as the first sample
Add the selected number to the sampling interval to Number 013 is
get the second sample the second sample
Continue adding the interval to the recently selected Number 023 is
number until all the samples are determined the third sample

*When numbers in the list is exhausted, continue counting

from the beginning or pick other number as the next
random start.
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

• Sampling interval - Kth member of the population

N
K = ---------
n
N – population size
n – sample size

2000
K = --------- = 10th
member
200
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

• Entails subdividing the population according to a certain

characteristics, then select the samples from every
subgroups
Useful if there is a need to differentiate the
characteristics of a HETEROGENOUS population,
and elements are geographically
CONCENTRATED in a given area
Divide population into groups of same Population of 1000
stratum
Decide sample size Sample size of 100
Identify the different strata of population Stratify based on gender
Get percentage based on stratum identified First stratum – 200 males (20%)
and 800 females (80%)
Multiply percent share by sample size to Sample units – 20 males,
obtain sample units for the stratum identified 80 females
*Identify other strata and follow the same process.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

• Stratified-Proportional Sampling

Computed sample size =

200
Income Population Percent Sample
Bracket Share
High 300 15.0% 30
Middle 700 35.0% 70
Low 1000 50.0% 100
Total 2000 100.0% 200
 CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING

• Random selection of groups in a population who could

serve as the respondents of the study or from whom random
samples could be drawn
Applied if dealing with populations with HOMOGENOUS
characteristics but are geographically DISPERSED in
different parts of the country
Select members of the sample in clusters Choose a number of
rather than in using separate individuals cooperatives from the list of
cooperatives
Known as area sampling since it is based on All farmers in the selected list
geographical area are included in the sample
since they belong to the same
cooperatives
If the sample is large, randomization of the Randomly select farmers in the
population of the selected cluster should be identified cooperatives
applied

“Cluster sampling differs from stratified sampling since all

elements in the population are considered in the latter but samples
are drawn per group. In cluster sampling, only the randomly
 MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING STRATEGY

• Possible to use a combination of approaches in

determining the sample size in accordance with features of
the population
POPULATION GEOGRAPHIC
CHARACTERISTIC SPREAD
(heterogenous or (concentrated or
homogenous) dispersed)

Stratify by Cluster Cluster Stratify Random

islands sample sample respondents selection of
province per barangay per per barangay respondents
island province per stratum

Variation in Homogenous Homogenous Variation of Sample size

Culture province barangay characteristics
 SAMPLING STRATEGIES

• Appropriate to features of population

PERSONAL GEOGRAPHIC SAMPLING STRATEGIES

ATRRIBUTES SPREAD

Homogenous Concentrated 1. Simple or systematic

sampling
Dispersed
1. Cluster sampling
2. Simple or systematic
sampling

Heterogenous Concentrated 1. Stratified sampling

2. Simple or systematic
sampling
Dispersed
1. Stratified sampling
2. Cluster sampling
3. Simple or systematic
sampling
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

• Entails the identification of participants in the study

based on criteria spelled-out by the researcher

APPLIED WHEN DIFFICULT TO

ESTIMATE THE POPULATION –
MOBILE/TRANSITORY
USEFUL IN DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
WITH QUALITATIVE THRUST

MORE ECONOMICAL AND EASIER TO

IMPLEMENT – NO POPULATION
ESTIMATE
NOT POSSIBLE TO APPLY STATISTICAL
THEORY TO GENERALIZE POPULATION
AND TO PROVE SAMPLE ACCURACY
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TYPES

CONVENIENC Use of elements who are readily

E SAMPLING available to respond to
questions – Campus survey

PURPOSIVE Researcher’s judgment as basis

SAMPLING for selecting the element –
qualitative studies

QUOTA Similar to stratified sampling

SAMPLING but selection of elements per
stratum is not random

REFERRAL Having a respondent refer other

SAMPLING people to answer questions –
sensitive topics
 Participants Section
How to write the participants section

Quantitative:
o Define the population; State Population Size

(N)
o Compute and State the Sample Size (n)

o Indicate how sample size was computed

(Slovin’s, Cochran’s or Gpower)

o Discuss the sampling procedure (e.g., Quota
Sampling)
o Sampling distribution should be shown in
tabular form (including N and n and their
corresponding percentages)
Table 1. Sampling Distribution of
Participants__
Name of Category N % n %
(e.g. School, Section, Company)

A 200 80
B 300 120
C 100 40

Total 600 240

 Participants Section
How to write the participants section

Qualitative:
o State the number of participants

o Describe the participants using your

inclusion criteria (sex; developmental

stage, phenomenon being studied)
o State exclusion criteria

o Discuss the concept of Saturation

 Instrument
• Instrument - is the mechanism used to
gather data;
• In social research, it is comprised of a set
of questions used to gather information;
either self-administered (questionnaire or
standardized test) or done through face-to-
face (personal or video) interview (i.e.,
interview schedule; interview guide)
INTERVIEWS

• Encompass a set of questions raised through person-to-person

or telephone interaction between interviewers and participants

STANDARDIZED Use a well-structured instrument called

INTERVIEW interview schedule - quantitative

UNSTRUCTURED Use list of key topics as guide called

INTERVIEW interview guide - qualitative

• Allows researcher to get participant’s

cooperation
• Useful in addressing illiteracy and disability
• Allows:
- Opportunity to clarify questions
- Checking participant’s understanding of questions
- Ascertain identity of participants
- Raise open-ended questions when probing
RULES IN QUESTION FORMULATION

• For interview schedule and questionnaire

1 Purpose must be clearly stated in the instrument.

2 Directions on how to answer the questions must be very clear.
3 Questions must be clear
4 A question should cover only one topic at a time.
5 Respondents must be in a position to answer questions.
6 Avoid influencing respondents to answer in a particular way.
7 Avoid posing embarrassing questions.
8 Arrange questions in a logical order – time, general to specific.
9 Items in instrument must cover all variables of the study.
10 Translate the instrument into the dialect of the respondents.
How to construct questionnaire/interviews?

1. List all the sub-problems

2. For each sub-problem,
list all the associated
information that will
answer the sub-
problems
3. Formulate question
items to obtain the
information
 Instrument
How to write this section

Quantitative:
1. Identify the name of the Standardized Test and
its author

2. Describe the nature of the instrument

(i.e., Whether standardized, adapted, revised,
researcher-made); state the number of items of
the test
Describe instrument construction, modification
and adaptation

3. Explain how it is answered

(e.g., Always, Sometimes; Agree/Disagree,
 Instrument
How to write this section

4. Explain how it is scored. Is there a single

score for each participant?

5. Content of the instruments should answer

the research questions

6. Specify the sub-scales, and the

corresponding test items that measure each
sub-scale
 Instrument
How to write this section

7. State the reliability and validity tests

conducted by the authors based on the
psychometric properties specified in the test
guidelines/manual; if missing, look for articles
that established the test’s reliability and
validity;

8. Write the author asking permission

to use the test
 Instrument
How to write this section

8. Specify Verbal Interpretation Scale

1.0 – 1.49 Very Low/Poor

1.5 – 2.49 Low/Below Average
2.5 – 3.49 Moderate/Average
3.5 – 4.49 High/Above
Average/Satisfactory
4.5 – 5.00 Very High/Excellent
 Instrument
How to write this section
o Include for each instrument the following:

o a. Author(s) of the instrument

o b. Total Number of items for the entire
instrument
o c. Subscales, if there is any
o d. Number of Items per subscale (if
applicable)
o e. Scoring Procedure; Explain how the
level of each variable is computed
o f. Verbal Interpretation Scale
o g. Duration of Completion of the
Instrument
 Instrument
How to write this section

Qualitative:

1. Describe the interview guide; describe

appropriateness/usefulness of the interview to
your study

2. Indicate ONE over-arching question (three

general questions of the interview guide)

3. Content of instrument should answer the

research objectives

4. Include the kind of validity tests conducted

  Validity and Reliability
Of the Research Instrument
 What is the
difference between a
valid instrument and
a reliable
instrument?
Fundamental Concepts of Validity

What is validity?
 Validity asks how well a research

instrument measures what it purports to

measure.

Used for both Qualitative and

Quantitative
 Kinds of validity

Content validity
 How representative of a content domain

are items or tasks in the instrument?

 Are they a good sample of the total

subject-matter content?
 “jury validation” (Face Validity using Good

and Scates’ Criteria)

 Face Validity
 Physical format, spacing, layout
 Outline, hierarchy of items
 Clarity of questions, level of difficulty
 Variety of alternative responses
 Done thru pre-testing: Checking for the
following:
 Incomplete answers
 Inconsistent answers
 Vague answers
 No answers
 What is Reliability?
-
consistency, stability
It refers to the
and dependability of the data. A reliable
measuring device is one which, if used for the
second time, will yield the same results as it did
the first time. If the results are substantially
different, the measurement is unreliable.

 Examples:
 Split-half, Parallel test, Test-Retest
 Cronbach Alpha - used to ascertain internal
reliability; acceptable score is .7 or higher

Not Necessary for Qualitative Interview Guide

Data Gathering
• Choice will depend upon the
researcher’s over-all judgment on
which type of data is needed for a
particular research problem

“Commonly used techniques

such as structured, semi-
structured or unstructured
interviews, surveys and
observations.”
Methods & Techniques
• Method – data collection through historical review and analysis,
surveys, field experiments and case studies
• Techniques – step-by-step procedure used to gather data and
analyze them

TECHNIQUES: TECHNIQUES:
QUALITATIVE
Conversation Structured
observation
Unstructured
and semi- Structured interview
structured Structured surveys
observation,
interviews, etc. Attitude scaling
QUANTITATIVE Checklist
Historical Group Case Survey Field Equipment
Experiment
Review Discussion Study
METHODS
 Communicating with Participants
• Communicate with the participants or just to
observe them

• Postal survey
• Personal interview
• Telephone interview

“Communication does not have

to be direct or face-to-face.”
Surveys
• Utilizes questionnaires or interview
techniques for recording the responses
of participants; in Psychology, we use
standardized tests
• Effective tool to get
opinions, attitudes and
descriptions of participants

“Most popular data collection

method.”
 Section on Data Gathering Procedures

 In a step-by-step manner, indicate

how data will be gathered, including the
techniques, devices and processes

How will you go about

collecting the data?
Will you observe, interview,
examine work performance or
use other ways to gather
information?
 Data Gathering
Procedures
How to write this section
Discuss the data gathering process
Start by stating what permits may be needed in
data-gathering
Explain how to reach the participants
Explain Who will gather the data; Where and How
data will be gathered
Obtaining Informed Consent
Explain how rapport-building will be done (purpose
of the research will be explained), privacy of
participants will be ensured, conduciveness
If personal interview, how will safety protocols be
ensured
In
dtasor
the proposal, specify possible problems in data-
Data-gathering Procedure
How to write this section

o Describe the sources of data (Survey

participants, FGD participants, KI)

o Relate the use of the sources to the sub-

problems
 Triangulation Technique

dtasor
Triangulation by Techniques
Triangulate the gathering of data – get data by multiple means

Observation

Interview with Primary FGD/Key Informant Interview

Sources (KII)
Triangulation by Sources of Data
Triangulate the gathering of data – get data by multiple sources of data

Primary Data from

Participants

Primary Data from Key Secondary Data:

Informants Documents
 Secondary
Data
• Information collected by others for purposes which
can be different from the researchers

• Internet sites and websites of different public safety

organizations (www.info.com/organizations)
• Central and local government studies and reports,
budgets, rules and policies on public safety (
www.statistics.gov)
• Studies and reports of institutions and departments such
as universities, research institutes, embassies, consulates
• Census reports on demographics, community
characteristics
• Academic, organizational journals and newsletters relevant
to the problem area
• Journals on statistics regarding public safety concerns
 Secondary
Data
INTERNAL
SOURCES
• Company
statistics
• EXTERNAL SOURCES
Departme
nt reports
• Brochures PUBLISHED: COMMERCIAL:
• General • Panel research
statistics • Scanner
• Statistical research
bureau • Monitors
• Research
reports
Primary Data
• Original data collected for the research
problem

Experiment Observations Communicatio

Human n
Surveys
Mechanical Interviews

Natural Contrive Mail Personal

Settings d
Settings
Phone,
e-mail
Advantages of Primary Data

• Collected for the particular study which are

more consistent to research questions and
objectives
• Provide specific information about clientele
such as education, income, lifestyle,
personality and interests which might not be
available in a census report
• Only primary data can help us answer
questions related to people’s attitudes and
behavior
• Information on past events or experience can
only be gathered by asking people who have
involved or have observed and can remember
the particular event
• Could cover a large geographic area with
relatively little cost
 Considerations When Gathering Primary
Data
• Can take a long time and can cost a lot to collect
• Difficult to get access, to find participants or other
target groups who are willing to cooperate and answer
questions
• Needs to be careful in using proper tools, procedures
and methods of analysis
• Less degree of control in data collection since
unexpected factors may influence and interfere with
efficient data collection
• Fully dependent on the willingness and ability of
participants
“Participants might appear reluctant due to
lack to time, lack of incentive, waste of
valuable time, fear of negative consequences if
they are honest in their answers, and fear of
embarrassment in sensitive issues.”
el
Methods used to describe data and make sense out of them

“Statistical analyses should

not be an end in themselves,
but a means to an end. They
assume a service function in
the research process.”
Types of Statistics

DESCRIPTIVE • Organize and summarize a body of raw data

so that the data can be more easily
understood
• Numbers that summarize a group of data

INFERENTIAL • Draw conclusions about the population from

the collected and organized data
Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency

MEAN Sum of the product of the frequency

and the weight of a set of variables
divided by the total number of
frequencies (responses to opinions)

Refers to the most frequently occurring

MODE
score (aka frequency count)
Inferential Statistics
Deals with the description of the parameters based on
the characteristics of a representative sample

NON- • Tests are not based on parameters

PARAMETRIC (median as exception)
• Used when data are ranked
observations or when data are non-
numerical

PARAMETRIC • Based on sampling from a

TEST population with parameters such
as mean, standard deviation
• Based on a sample that is taken
from a population with a normal
distribution
 “PARAMETRIC TESTS”

A. Tests of Difference

1. t-Test for Independent Samples

2. t-Test for Correlated Sample
3. z-Test for One Sample Group
4. z-Test for Two Sample Means
5. F-test (Analysis of Variance)
6. Scheffe’s Test

B. Tests of Relationship

1. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

2. Simple Linear Regression Analysis

C. Test of Association

3. Multiple Regression Analysis

 “NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS”

A. Tests of Difference

1. Chi-Square Test of Goodness-of-Fit, X2

2. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test of Goodness-of-Fit
3. Chi-Square Test of Homogeneity, X2
4. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test, U-test
5. Kruskal-Wallis Test, H-test
6. Median Test for Two Independent Samples
7. Fisher Sign Test for Two Correlated Samples
8. Friedman Test for Randomized Block Designs, Fr
9. Mann-Whitney Test
10. Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test
11. McNemar Test

B. Tests of Relationship

1. Chi-Square Test of Independence, X2

2. Spearman Rank-Order Coefficient of Correlation, rs
3. Sign Test for Two Independent Samples
4. Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test

C. Test of Association
5. Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance,
Data Analysis Procedure
How to write this section

Quantitative:

State the descriptive and inferential statistics to be

used in the analysis

Indicate the application of the statistical procedures for

each objective of the study
Data Analysis Procedure
How to write this section

Quantitative:

For Lickert Scale (Use Non-parametric tests) without a

summative score

1. Relationship/Association: Use Chi-Square Test of

Independence or Spearman rho

2. Differences: Use Mann-Whitney (for 2 groups)

Use Kruskal-Wallis (for more than 2 groups)
Data Analysis Procedure
How to write this section

Qualitative:

Identify the Specific Data Analysis Procedure by its

Author (e.g., Lichtman, Cresswel, Van Mannen)

Describe the Steps of the Data Analysis Procedure; Do

not enumerate; Do not put numbers

Discuss Trustworthiness: In terms of Credibility,

Transferability, Dependability & Confirmability and their
application to your study (refer to Lincoln & Guba)
State how the following will be ensured in the
study:

1. State that the proposal will be reviewed by

the university Research Ethics Review Office
(RERO)
2. Informed Consent (IC)/Assent Form
3. Privacy of the Participants
4. Confidentiality of the Information
5. Right to Withdraw
6. Potential Maleficence: Do No Harm
7. Beneficence: What benefits will the pax
receive from this study
 END
SECTIONS
 References
 References used in the study

Are all references

included in the list?
Is the format appropriate
for the method of citation
used?
Is it organized?
 References
GUIDE TO WRITING

 Use the APA style

 Categorize sources into books,
periodicals, electronic sources, etc.
 Alphabetize the list of references
 References
APA STYLE
 Book by one author:
Sherman, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future:
Contemplating color
television. San Diego: Halstead.
 Book by two or more authors:
Kurosawa, J. & Armistead, Q. (1972). Hairball: An intensive
peek
behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON:
McMaster University Press.
 Article in an edited book:
Stanz, R. F. (1983). Practical methods for the
apprehension and
sustained containment of supernatural entities. In
G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case
studies in application.
Place: Publisher.
 References
APA STYLE
 Article in a journal with continuous pagination:
Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and
Sarnia:
Two foes on the brink of destruction.
Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
 Article in a journal paginated separately:
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited
gift to
colourful pocket change? Canadian Change,
64(7), 34–37.
 Article in a monthly magazine:
Doe, J. (2001, May). My life as a grocery-store delivery boy.
Hot &
Steamy Letters, pp.81–85+.
 Article in a newspaper
Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are
 References
APA STYLE
 Government document
Revenue Canada. (2001) Advanced gouging: Manual for
employees
(MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration
and Revenue.
 Internet article based on a print source
Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work
and the
benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic
version]. Journal of Pointless Research, 11, 123–124.
 Article in an Internet-only journal
Blofeld, H. V. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through
Persian
cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4,
Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from
http://journals.f+f.org/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html
 References
APA STYLE

 Article in an Internet-only newsletter

Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al.
(1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-
based popular writing: Project update. Off the beaten path,
7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from
http://www.newsletter.offthebeatenpath.news/otr/compaints.html
 Stand-alone Internet document, no author identified, no
date
What I did today. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2002, from
http://www.cc.mystory.life/blog/didtoday.html
 Document available on university program or
department Web site
Rogers, B. (2078). Faster-than-light travel: What we've learned
in the first twenty years. Retrieved August 24, 2079, from
Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site:
http://www.eg.spacecentraltoday.mars/university/dept.html
 References
APA STYLE

 Electronic copy of a journal article, three to five authors,

retrieved from database
Costanza, G., Seinfeld, J., Benes, E., Kramer, C., & Peterman, J.
(1993). Minutiæ and insignificant observations from the
nineteen-nineties. Journal about Nothing, 52, 475–649.
Retrieved October 31, 1999, from NoTHINGJournals
database.
 E-mail or other personal communication (cite in text only)
(A. Monterey, personal communication, September 28, 2001).

 Book on CD
Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]. New York:
Random House/Listening Library.
 Book on tape
Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording
No. 1999-1999-1999]. New York: Random House/Listening
Library.
 APPENDICES
 List of relevant supporting materials such
as research instrument and other
documents

Are the research

instruments included
in the proposal?
 Appendices
GUIDE TO WRITING

o Include relevant supporting

materials such as research
instruments, letters, documents,
list of key informants, raw data and
statistical computation
o If more than one appendix, label
them as Appendix A, Appendix B,
and so on
 Appendices
GUIDE TO WRITING

LETTER REQUEST:

o 1st paragraph –Research title and

objective
o 2nd paragraph – approval/participation
of target respondents
o 3rd paragraph – confidentiality of
information gathered and expression of
gratitude
 CURRICULUM VITAE
 Summary of the experience, education,
accomplishment of the researcher

Have you prepared a

description about
yourself?