Linear Algebra and
Ordinary Differential
equations
Course Code and Title: MATH-121 Linear Algebra and Ordinary
Differential Equations
Credits: 3-0
Instructor(s)-in-charge: Ms. irsa tabassum
Exam: 1 midterm and 1 Final
Quizzes: 6 Quizzes
Quizzes: 10 -15 %
Grading:
Assignments: 5 – 10 %
Mid term Exam : 30 -35 %
Final Exam: 40 –50 %
Course Content
Linear Algebra:
Basic Concepts. Matrix Addition. Scalar Multiplication, Matrix
Multiplication
Linear Systems of Equations. Gauss Elimination.
Solution of Linear Systems:Existence, Uniqueness, General Form
Inverse of a Matrix. Gauss-Jordan Elimination.
Vector Spaces, Sub Spaces and Linear Transformations
Linear dependence, linear independence, spanning set, basis
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
Separable Variables.
Homogeneous Equations.
Exact Equations and Integrating Factors.
Linear Equations.
Equations of Bernoulli, Ricatti and Clairaut.
Applications of Linear and Non-Linear First Order ODEs.
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order:
Preliminary Theory.
Initial and Boundary Value Problems.
Linear Dependence and Linear Independence.
Constructing a second solution from a known solution.
Homogeneous Linear Equations with constant coefficients.
Non-Homogeneous Linear Equations with constant coefficients
Differential Operators. Undetermined Coefficients.
Variation of Parameters.
Non-Homogeneous Linear Equations with Variable Coefficients
Cauchy-Euler Equation.
Laplace Transform
Laplace Transform and Inverse Transform.
Unit step function, Dirac delta function
Solution of 1st and higher order initial value problem using Laplace Transform.
Course book and Related Course Material
Dennis G. Zill and Michael Cullen, Differential
Equations (3rd Edition)
Textbooks:
E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,
9th ed.
Reference Books: Glyn James, Modern Engineering Mathematics,
Linear Algebra
• It is the branch of mathematics that deals with vector
spaces, linear equations, matrices, and linear
transformations.
• It focuses on understanding and solving problems
related to linear relationships between variables.
• It has wide applications in different fields i.e
engineering, computer graphics, machine learning and
data sciences, economics and cryptography etc.
Differential Equations
• A differential equations is a mathematical equations
that relates a function with its derivatives.
• It describes how a quantity changes with respect to
one or more independent variables
• Many real world phenomena also represnting in the
form of differential equations i.e motion of an object(
F=m dv/dt),Newtons law of cooling (dT/dt=a(T-
Tm))population growth and decay(dN/dt=kN(t)) ,
kirchoffs rule (Idi/dt +Ri=E(t)), Economics and
Finance(dS/dt=rS) and so on.
Matrixs and its Operations
• A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers,
symbols, or expressions organized into rows and
columns.
• It is used to represent data, perform linear
transformations, and solve systems of linear equations.
• If A is m×n matrix , a matrix with m rows and n
columns, then the scalar entry is denoted by aij and is
called the (ith,jth ) entry of A.
• There are various types of Matrices depending upon
their order and entries.
• Row matrixs, Column matrixs,Square matrix,
Rectangular matrix, Diagonal matrix, Scalar matrix,
Identity matrix,Zero matrixs, Triangular matrix,
Symmetric matrix, and skew symmetric matrixs and
many more.
• Various basic operations are applied on matrices i.e
addition , subtraction, scalar
multiplication,multiplication.
• Transpose,Determinant, Inverse, row
operations,Trace and Rank are some distinct
operations of matrices .
Addition and Scalar
Multiplication
• If A and B are m×n matrices, then the sum of A+B is
also a m×n matrix, whose columns are the sum of
coresponding columns of A and B.
• The sum A+B are only defined when both A and B
have same order.
• If k is a scalar and A is a matrix of order m×n, then
the scalar multiple kA is the matrix whose columns are
are k times the corresponding columns in A.
Matrixs Multiplication:
• If A is m×n matrix, and B is an n×p matrix with column
[b1,b2, ..., bp], then the product AB is the m×p matrix
whose columns are Ab1, Ab2,....,Abp.
• That is AB=A[b1, b2, .............,bp]=[Ab1,Ab2,......Abp]
Transpose of a Matrixs
• If A is m×n matrix, then transpose of A is n×m
matrix, whose columns are formed from the
corresponding rows of A.
