Marine Power Plant

Part 3
2/ENGR LEONARDO C CUERDO, MSc
Learning objectives
 Difference
between diesel and
gasoline engine
 Fourstroke and two stroke cycle
engine
 Engine displacement
 Basic diesel cycle
 Partsof the engine/ engine
construction
 Diesel engine support systems
Parts of Engine
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Cylinder –
 Itis manufactured by using steel alloys or
aluminum alloys.
 Insidea cylinder, the piston moves
forward and backward to transmit energy.
 It
will then increase the higher pressure
and higher temperature inside the
engine’s cylinder
 A cylinder is one of the major parts of the
IC engine
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Cylinder –
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Cylinder
Diesel engines use one of two types of
cylinders.
 In one type, each cylinder is simply
machined or bored into the block
casting, making the block and
cylinders an integral part.
 In the second type, a machined steel
sleeve is pressed into the block
casting to form the cylinder.
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Cylinder or Liner

Types of liner
1. Dry liner
2. Wet liner
3. Integral liner
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Dry type liners

 It is use a counter-bored cylinder with the

liner installed in the bore of the cylinder.
 There is a tight seal between the liner
and cylinder wall.
 Heat from the cylinder flows to the liner
through the cylinder wall and into the
water jacket.
 Use in small diesel engine
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Dry type liners
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Dry type liners
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Wet type liners
 It also use counter-bored cylinder
blocks and there are gaskets on the
top and on the bottom of the liner.
 The top gasket prevents water from
leaking out of the water jacket.
 The bottom gaskets are O rings
around the liner to prevent water
from leaking into the crankcase.
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Wet type liners
 This type of liner has direct water
contact with both the engine water
jacket and the liner.
 Therefore, the heat flows from the
cylinder to the liner to the water
jacket.
 The wet liner is typically found on
engines with bores greater than eight
to ten inches.
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Wet type liners
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Integral liner
 It has water jacketing, but in this case
the water jacketing is included in the
liner.
 There is no water jacket in the engine
block.
 the heat flow is from the cylinder to
the liner to the liner water jacket.
 Usually found in opposed piston type
engine
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Integral liner
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Integral liner
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Integral liner
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Cylinder Block
 Thecylinder block is generally a single unit
made from cast iron.

 Itprovides the structure and rigid frame

for the engine's cylinders, water coolant
and oil passages.

 Providessupport for the crankshaft and

camshaft bearings.
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Cylinder Block
Parts of a Diesel Engine
Bed Plate
 The bedplate is the foundation of the engine.
 Everything is built from it, so it must have
sufficient strength to support all of the
engine’s fixed and moving parts.
 The bedplate is attached by its lower flanges
to the ship’s structure.
 The bedplate has a machined top surface
and it supports the crankshaft and bearings
directly.
Internal Combustion Engine
Cylinder Head
 Itfixed at the upper side of an engine’s
cylinder.
 Made of steel alloys or aluminum alloys.
 Itmanufactures through the process of
casting.
 The Copper or the asbestos gasket
supplies to the cylinder and then to the
cylinder’s head for making it airtight
Internal Combustion Engine
Cylinder Head
Internal Combustion Engine
Cylinder Head
A diesel engine's cylinder heads perform
several functions.
 First,they provide the top seal for the
cylinder bore or sleeve.
 Second, they provide the structure
holding exhaust valves (and intake
valves where applicable), the fuel
injector, and necessary linkages.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston
 The piston is one of the most vital parts
of the engine.
 Itis most commonly made of aluminum
alloys.
 An important function of the piston is to
deliver power provided by combusted
air-fuel mixture to the crankshaft.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston
 The piston
transforms the
energy of the
expanding gasses
into mechanical
energy.
 The piston rides in
the cylinder liner or
sleeve
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
 The piston ring is a circular ring made of
a typical steel alloy.
 The piston ring points to the grooves of
the piston’s circumference.
 The piston packing equips with an
airtight seal.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
 2-sets of sealing rings are supplied,
where the uppermost sealing ring can
resist combustion gas from leaking into
the lower part, and the lower sealing
ring can prevent oil from leaking into an
engine cylinder.
 Itcan maintain its elasticity even at high
temperatures.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
Function of rings:

 Itseal between the piston and the

cylinder wall.
 Itact to reduce friction by minimizing the
contact area between the piston and the
cylinder wall.
Internal Combustion Engine
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
The top ring (s)
 It acts primarily as the pressure seal.

 The upper ring also serve to transmit

heat from the piston to cylinder liner
wall.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
The top ring (s)
 The upper rings on the piston are
compression rings, which seal the
combustion space during the
compression process and power stroke
to prevent leakage of combustion
gasses to pass between liner and
piston.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
The intermediate ring (s)
 Itacts as a wiper ring to remove and
control the amount of oil film on the
cylinder walls.
 Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
The bottom ring (s)/oil control ring
 Itis an oil ring and ensures that a supply of
lubricating oil is evenly deposited on the
cylinder walls.
 The oil rings are the lowest rings on the
upper part of the piston.
 Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
The bottom ring (s)/oil control ring
 There also may be an oil ring on the lower
part of the skirt of the piston.
 The oil rings’ function is to remove excess
oil from the cylinder wall and scrape it back
into the crankcase.
 Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
Ring end clearance or gap

 The ring is place on the liner with least

wear, thus the ring would be in the liner as
if it is in the piston
 Theminimum and maximum clearance is
specified by manufacturer
 Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
Side Clearance

 Isthe distance from the top of the ring to

the bottom of the ring land above the ring
 It is measured by the use of feeler gauge
 Manufacturersspecifies a minimum and
maximum clearance
 Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
Back clearance
 The ring thickness must be less than the
groove depth, the outer face is slightly inside
the ring groove to have a back clearance

Without back clearance;

 the ring might take the side thrust instead of
the piston trunk or skirt resulting in high
friction or piston seizure.
 Internal Combustion Engine
Piston Rings
Internal Combustion Engine
Oil drain hole
 There are small drain holes through the
piston behind the oil ring, which allow
the oil to drain back to the crankcase.
 There would be no direct path for the oil
flow back to the crankcase if these
holes were not provided.
 Whenever pistons are pulled and the
rings cleaned, it is important that drain
holes are cleaned and opened.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston pin
 A steel pin that is passed through the
Piston, it is used as a base upon which
to fasten the upper end of the
Connecting rod.
 It is round and may be hollow.
 Also called wrist pin or gudgeon pin.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston pin
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston pin
There are three types of piston pins:

1. Full – floating pistons pins -

are those in which the piston pins and the
connecting rod can rotate independently.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston pin
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston pin

2. Semi – floating piston pins -

have the connecting rod rigidly fastened
to the wrist pins where the connecting rod
may move with the wrist pin; this allow no
bearing material in the rod.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston pin
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston pin
3. Fixed wrist pins -
 where the connecting rod may move but
the wrist pin is held rigidly.
 Fixed pins are used where oil cooling of
the piston is required and oil passages
go through the wrist pin to the piston.
Internal Combustion Engine
Piston pin
Internal Combustion Engine
 Connecting Rod
 The crankshaft makes a connection
between the piston and the crankshaft.
 The connecting rod’s function is to
transfer the power from the piston to the
crankshaft.
 Itconverts the reciprocating motion of
the piston into rotary motion and
transfers this rotary motion to the
crankshaft.
Internal Combustion Engine
 Connecting Rod
Internal Combustion Engine
 Connecting Rod
Internal Combustion Engine
Crankshaft
 It makes of special steel alloy.
 The main function of the crankshaft is to
take motion by the piston and deliver
this motion to the flywheel. The flywheel
further uses this rotary motion to turn
the vehicle wheel.
Internal Combustion Engine
Crankshaft
Internal Combustion Engine
Valves
 Valves
include in the most important
components of the internal combustion engine.
 Theengine has two valves (Inlet valve and
exhaust valve).
 These valves install at the cylinder head.
 Theinlet valves utilize to introduce fresh-
mixture into the cylinder.
 An exhaust (EGR) valve of the cylinder uses to
discharge the exhaust gas from the engine
cylinder.
Internal Combustion Engine
Valves
 are
mechanically opened and closed to
admit or exhaust the gasses as needed.
 The valves are located in the head
casting of the engine.
 Thepoint at which the valve seals
against the head is called the valve seat.
 Most medium-sized diesels have either
intake ports or exhaust valves or both
intake and exhaust valves
Internal Combustion Engine
Valves
Internal Combustion Engine
Valves
Internal Combustion Engine
Timing Gears, Camshaft, and Valve
Mechanism
 In order for a diesel engine to operate, all
of its components must perform their
functions at very precise intervals in
relation to the motion of the piston.
 To accomplish this, a component called a
camshaft is used.
 A camshaft is a long bar with egg-shaped
eccentric lobes, one lobe for each valve
and fuel injector. Each lobe has a follower.
Internal Combustion Engine
Timing Gears, Camshaft, and Valve
Mechanism
base valve nose
circle

flank

ramp
Internal Combustion Engine
The valves are maintained closed by
springs.
 As the valve is opened by the
camshaft, it compresses the valve
spring.
 The energy stored in the valve spring is
then used to close the valve as the
camshaft lobe rotates out from under
the follower.
Internal Combustion Engine
The valves are maintained closed by
springs.
 Because an engine experiences fairly
large changes in temperature (e.g.,
ambient to a normal running
temperature of about 190°F), its
components must be designed to allow
for thermal expansion.
Internal Combustion Engine
The valves are maintained closed by
springs.
 Therefore,the valves, valve pushrods,
and rocker arms must have some
method of allowing for the expansion.
 Thisis accomplished by the use of
valve lash.
 Valve lash is the term given to the "slop"
or "give" in the valve train before the
cam actually starts to open the valve.
Internal Combustion Engine
The valves are maintained closed by springs.
 The camshaft is driven by the engine's
crankshaft through a series of gears called
idler gears and timing gears.
 The gears allow the rotation of the
camshaft to correspond or be in time with,
the rotation of the crankshaft and thereby
allows the valve opening, valve closing,
and injection of fuel to be timed to occur at
precise intervals in the piston's travel.
 Internal Combustion Engine
Crankcase
 The crankcase is usually located on the
bottom of the cylinder block.
 Thecrankcase is defined as the area
around the crankshaft and crankshaft
bearings.
 Thisarea encloses the rotating crankshaft
and crankshaft counter weights and directs
returning oil into the oil pan.
 Internal Combustion Engine
Oil pan
 The oil pan is located at the bottom of the
crankcase.

 Theoil pan collects and stores the engine's

supply of lubricating oil.

 Largediesel engines may have the oil pan

divided into several separate pans.
Internal Combustion Engine
Torsional viscous
damper
 Itis the device on a
diesel engine to
isolate some
vibrations caused
by rotational and
reciprocating forces
Internal Combustion Engine
Torsional viscous damper
Internal Combustion Engine
Flywheel
 The main purpose of the steering wheel
is to maintain a constant speed.
 Itstores extra energy during energy
storage and provides additional energy
during the compression stroke.
Internal Combustion Engine
Flywheel
 It
takes rotary motion by the crankshaft
and turns the vehicle wheel.
 Itis utilized to control the motion of the
inlet and exhaust valves. It is
responsible for the proper opening and
closing of the inlet valve and the proper
supply of the fresh air-fuel mixture.
Internal Combustion Engine
Flywheel
The flywheel is located on one end of the
crankshaft and serves three purposes.
 First, through its inertia, it reduces vibration by
smoothing out the power stroke as each
cylinder fires.
 Second, it is the mounting surface used to bolt
the engine up to its load.
 Third, on some diesels, the flywheel has gear
teeth around its perimeter that allow the
starting motors to engage and crank the
diesel.
Internal Combustion Engine
Flywheel
Internal Combustion Engine
Combustion Chamber
 Thecombustion process is the key to
engine operation .

 Turbulence
greatly aids in the
combustion process.

 Combustion chambers are designed to

promote turbulence.
Internal Combustion Engine
What is a pre-combustion chamber on a
Diesel engine?
 A small chamber directly connected with
the cylinder through a restricted channel
into which the fuel oil is injected before
it reaches the main power cylinder.
 Many of the old Diesel engines were
designed with pre-combustion
chambers.
Internal Combustion Engine
Carburetor
 It
sucks fresh air from the environment
and mixes it with the fuel.
 The carburetor is responsible for
properly supplying the air-fuel mixture to
the engine cylinder.
Internal Combustion Engine
Internal Combustion Engine
Relief Valve
 Isa safety component in an engine that
control the maximum pressure of oil or
gas in the system.
 Itis a valve within a pressurized system
that is used to control pressure for the
optimum functionality of the system.
 The purpose of it is to release excessive
pressure that builds up in an equipment
and piping system.
Internal Combustion Engine
Cylinder Relief Valve
 The main purpose of cylinder relief valve
is to lift when over pressure occurs in the
combustion space area.

 Theblow-off pressure should be

adjusted 20 to 30% above of the normal
working load.
Internal Combustion Engine
Cylinder Relief Valve
Internal Combustion Engine
Crankcase Relief Valve
 Is a safety device that prevents a
crankcase from becoming over-
pressurized and exploding by releasing
high pressure gases and flames.

 Itis designed to reduce pressure and

prevent the release of flame.
Internal Combustion Engine
Crankcase Relief Valve
Internal Combustion Engine
Injector
 The injectors meter the amount of fuel
injected into the cylinder on each stroke.

 The amount of fuel to be injected by

each injector is set by a mechanical
linkage called the fuel rack.
 The fuel rack position is controlled by
the engine's governor.
Internal Combustion Engine
Injector
Internal Combustion Engine
Governors
Speed
sensitive
device used
to control or
limit the
engine
speed
Internal Combustion Engine
Governors
Two type of Governors
Direct Acting – (mechanical governors) –
linked directly to the fuel pump racks so
that the action of flyweights on the
governor will cause the fuel pump rack to
move.
Indirect acting – (relay or hydraulic
governors) – consist of 3 main parts: a.
speed sensitive action, b. a power section,
c. compensating section
Advantages of Internal Combustion Engines

 These engines have low weight than the

EC engines.
 They have small size.
 They start very quickly.
 They have low costs than external
combustion engines.
 The IC engines are easy and safe to
use.
Advantages of Internal Combustion Engines

 Internal combustion engines are

compact and can be easily transported.
The portability features of these engine
make them ideal for use in vehicles and
equipment that need to move around.
 They have the ability to use a wide
range of fuels, such as biofuels,
gasoline, diesel, and natural gas.
Disadvantages of Internal Combustion Engines
 The fuels (such as petrol or diesel) used for IC
engines have high costs.
 They have high emission rate than EC engines.
 They are not ideal for large power generation.
 This type of engine requires regular maintenance,
such as oil changes, filter replacements, fuel
changes, and other upkeep.
Disadvantages of Internal Combustion Engines
 They require proper cooling and lubrication to work
efficiently.
 Internal combustion engines have low efficiency,
with only around 20% to 30% of the energy from
the fuel being transformed into useful work. The
remaining energy is lost as heat.
 IC engine is a complex machine that contains
multiple rotating parts and need a lot of precision
engineering, which can make them more expensive
to manufacture and maintain than other types of
engines.
End