UPI YPTK - Padang

Introduction to Computer
Graphics

Eko Syamsuddin Hasrito, PhD

204481 Computer Graphics May 28, 2025 1

 Lecture Outline

 Course Information: Format, Resources

 Overview
 Topics covered
 What is computer graphics?
 Applications

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics May 28, 2025 2

 Resources

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics May 28, 2025 3

 Course Overview (1/2)

 Graphics Systems and

Techniques
 2-D, 3-D models: surfaces,
visible surface identification,
illumination (pncahayaan)
 Photorealistic rendering :
shading models, ray tracing,
radiosity
 Operations
 Surface modeling, mapping
 Pipelines for display,
transformation, illumination

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 Course Overview (2/2)

 Mathematical Review
 Review of mathematical foundations of CG:
analytic geometry, linear algebra
 Line and polygon rendering
 Matrix transformations

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 Relevant Disciplines
Rendering Hardware CAD
Immersive Training
VR Systems CAE / CASE
 Analytic Geometry Portable/Embedded CG CAM
Tutoring Interfaces
 Art and Graphic Design
 Cognitive Science Color/Optical Models
CG/Vision Duality
 Computer Engineering Interface Design

 Engineering Design Layout

CG Design
 Education Visualization
 Film
Parametric Equations
 Human Factors Conics Computer
Polygon Rendering
 Linear Algebra Graphics
 Numerical Analysis (CG)
Surface Modeling
Physically-Based Modeling
Stat/Info Visualization

Transformations
Change of Coordinate Systems
User Modeling Animation
Ergonomic Interfaces, I/O Large-Scale CG

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 What is Computer Graphics?

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 This is not Computer Graphics
18%
9%
1
2
3

46% 4
27%

 [ 29:[email protected] ] Re: Future development of P

EX/PHIGS]
 [ 9:bthompso@reed] What is a good book for Dig
ital Image Processing]
 [ 15:[email protected]] Help! ASCII picture needed
…
 [ 14:rcj2@cbnewsd.] Re: 3D igitizers… again
 [240:[email protected]] Call For Papers -- ACM Multi
media '93

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics May 28, 2025 8

 What is Computer Graphics ?

 Computer graphics is commonly un

derstood to mean the creation, stor
age and manipulation of models an
d images. (Andries van Dam)
 Computer graphic is concerned with
 all aspects of producing pictures or ima
ges using a computer.
 the pictorial synthesis or real or imagin
ary objects from their computer based
model

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 Computer Graphics

 Computer Graphics
 Synthesis of graphical images
 Visualization :

creating an image from an abstract, symbolic
description.
 Generation of Synthesis Image

using graphical primitives

data from real world phenomena

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 Image Processing

 Image Processing
 the transformation of an existing image into a
more desirable or useful image.

image enhancement, pattern detection

The following images represent how noise affects images

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 Image Analysis

 Image Analysis (Computer Vision)

 extracting symbolic information from the
image.

Computer Graphics Data => Picture

Image Processing Picture => Picture
Image Analysis Picture => Data
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 What is Interactive Computer Graphics?

 User controls contents, structure, and appearanc

e of objects and their displayed images via rapid v
isual feedback
 Basic components of an interactive graphics syst
em
 input (e.g., mouse, tablet and stylus, force feedback de
vice,scanner…)
 processing (and storage)
 display/output (e.g., screen, paper-based printer, video
recorder…)

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 Why Computer Graphics? (1/5)

 Humans communicate well with images

 1/3 of your brain is devoted to visual
processing
 A picture is worth a few hundred
megabytes

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 Why Computer Graphics? (2/5)

 Developing Computational Capability

 Rendering: synthesizing realistic-looking,
useful, or interesting images
 Animation: creating visual impression of motion
 Image processing: analyzing, transforming,
displaying images efficiently

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 Why Computer Graphics? (3/5)

 Better Understanding of Data, Objects,

Processes through Visualization
 Visual summarization, description,
manipulation
 Virtual environments (VR), visual monitoring,
interactivity
 Human-computer intelligent interaction (HCII):
training, tutoring, analysis, control systems
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 Why Computer Graphics? (4/5)

 Time is Right
 Recent progress in algorithms and theory
 Rapidly emergence of new I/O (display and data
acquisition) technologies
 Available computational power, improving price-
performance-ratio of hardware
 Growth and interest of graphics industries (e.g.,
information visualization, entertainment CAD)

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 Why Computer Graphics? (5/5)

 advances in the last decade due mostly to the mic

rochip
 software advances, especially in object-oriented p
rogramming and real-time rendering algorithms
 Hardware advances continue to benefit graphics:
 faster inexpensive microprocessors and dedicated grap
hics chips
 screen technology: High-definition television (HDTV), c
olour LCD
 virtual reality interfaces (corneal implants?)

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 Image Synthesis Pipeline
Graphics
Database
Editing

Front-End

Graphics
Database
(Geometry Processing)

Back-End

Display
Traversal
Modeling
Transformation
Viewing
Operation
 (Rasterization)

• Visible-Surface
Determination
• Scan Conversion Image
• Shading /
Illumination

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 A Brief History

 teletype printouts were first graphical output devices lightpe

ns were an early input device CAD applications began in th
e 1960's plotters also a 60's development: high-resolution,
but slow main bottlenecks of computer graphics back then

 cost of graphics hardware

 expense of computer resources
batch systems weren't suitable f
or interactive graphics
non-portability of hardware and
software
a new field: technology was pri
mitive
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 History of Computer Graphics (1
/5)
 1950 MIT’s Whirlwind co
mputer had computer ge
nerated CRTs mid 1950
s SAGE command and c
ontrol
 1960s Ivan Sutherland’s
thesis - Sketchpad
 introduced data structure
s and interactive techniqu
es
http://www.computer.org/history/development/1951.htm

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 History of Computer Graphics
(2/5)

 1960s GM (general Motor)

 developed CAD (Computer Aided Design) and
CAM
 1968 Tektronix storage tubes
 1970s Boeing CAD CAM

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 History of Computer Graphics (3
/5)
 Mid 1970s engineering workstations and person
al computers emerged separately
 1980s new algorithms and techniques
 new standards
 ever more powerful system
 transition from specialized field
 1990s widespread use
 low cost, but powerful personal workstations
 networks
 essential part of systems
 now part of multimedia

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 History of Computer Graphics
(4/5)
At first - progress was slow because
 cost of equipment was high (specially mem

ory)
 significant computing resources needed

 difficulty in writing software ( harder than it l

ooks)
 lack of standard and thus portability

 lack of software tools

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 History of Computer Graphics
(5/5)
Now - previous use
 cost of equipment is low.

 Most computer have necessary compu

ting resources for graphics

 established standards, implementation

s and tools
 still difficulty in writing software ( still h

arder than it looks)

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 Some of Historical Picture (1/2)
 First truly interactive graphics
system, Sketchpad, pioneered
at MIT by Ivan Sutherland for h
is 1963 Ph.D. thesis. Sketchpad
, A Man-Machine Graphical Comm
unication System:
 Sketchpad in 1963. Note the u
se of a CRT monitor, light pen
and function-key panel.

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 Some of Historical Picture (2/2)

http://www.man.ac.uk/Science_Engineering/CHSTM/nahc.htm
John VonNeuman

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/VonNeumann.html Mark I

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 Applications of Computer
Graphics

Applications of Computer Graphics

 divided in 4 majors area

 Display of Information
 Design

 Simulation

 User Interface

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 Display of Information

 Geographic informat
ion system (GIS)
 Computerized Tomo
graphy (CT)
 Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/soest/about.ftp.html

 Ultrasound (gel.suara)
 positron-emission to
mography (PET) 
Emisi/sinar radiasi

http://www.queens.org/qmc/services/imaging/ct.htm

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 Design

 Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

 Architecture (interior rmah, dll)
 Design of Mechanical part (bagian2 mesin)

 VLSI

 etc...

http://www.memagazine.org/contents/current/features/push/push.html

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 Simulation

 Graphical flight simulator

 reduce training process
 Robotic simulation
The Concorde Panel.
 TV, Movie, advertising industries
 generate photo realistic images
 Virtual Reality (VR)
 reduce risk of training
 surgery
 astronaut

http://www.motionshop.com/pr/festocosimirlg.shtml

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 User Interfaces

 Window system
 Window 2003
 X window

 MAC OS

 Graphical Network browsers

 Netscape
 Internet Explorer

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 Areas of research in Graphics (1/
2)

 mathematical modeling:
 interpolation, curve and surface fitting
 computational geometry: algorithmic applicatio
ns in geometry
 study of light and optical phenomenon: colour, t
exture, shades
 modelling the characteristics of physical object
s (bouncing Jello)

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 Areas of research in Graphics (2/
2)

 Software technology
 standardized graphics languages and libraries
 graphics tools and interfaces
 algorithm design
 Hardware
 specialized graphics chips, monitors, interface
devices

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 Graphics Applications

 Entertainment: Cinema
Pixar: Geri’s Game

Universal: Jurassic Park

Antz

A bug’s Life
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 Graphics Applications (1/4)

 Entertainment: Games

Aki Ross : Final Fantasy

Star Wars Jedi Outcast: Jedi Knight II

Quake III
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 Graphics Applications (2/4)

 Medical Visualization

The Visible Human Project

http://www.ercim.org/publication/Ercim_News/enw44/koenig.html

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 Graphics Applications (3/4)

 Computer Aided Design (CAD)

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 Graphics Applications (4/4)

 Scientific Visualization

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 Hypermedia User Interfaces
(1/2)
NCSA D2K:
http://chili.ncsa.uiuc.edu
Visual programming system for
high-performance knowledge
discovery in databases (KDD)

 Hypermedia
 Database format (similar to hypertext) that provides display-based
access to (internetworked) multimedia (text, image, audio, video,
etc.) documents
 Chimera: http://www.ics.uci.edu/pub/chimera/

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 Hypermedia User Interfaces
(2/2)

 Virtual Environments
 Immersion: interactive
training, tutoring systems
 Entertainment hypermedia
 Visualization and Computer-
Aided Design and Engineering
(CAD/CAE)
 Visualization: scientific,
data/information, statistics
 User interfaces for
CAD/CAE/CAM/CASE:
http://www.isii.com
http://www.psl.cs.columbia.edu/chime/

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 Curve and Surface Modeling
permukaan & kurva)
(pemodelan

1 http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lakes/2057/nurbs.html
2
3
4

8 7

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 Photorealistic Illumination
Models
http://www.pixar.com

http://www.ktx.com/3dsmaxr3/ http://www.aliaswavefront.com

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 Fractal Systems

http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/fractals.htm

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 Information Visualization

Visible Decisions SeeIT (http://www.vdi.com)

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 Interesting Industrial
Applications
6500 news stories
from the WWW
in 1997

Cartia ThemeScapes – http://www.cartia.com

Hypermedia and Statistical Visualization

Destroyed
Normal
Extinguished
Ignited
Fire Alarm
Engulfed
Flooding

Virtual Environments for

DC-ARM – http://www-kbs.ai.uiuc.edu Immersive Training
204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics May 28, 2025 46
 Overview of Programmer’s Model (
1/2)
 Pixel - smallest addressable unit of display
 Hardware (I/O)
 output display device (normally raster scan)
 on the order of a million pixels displayed
 image stored in memory by pixel
(how much memory?)
 video controller
 scans the memory periodically (30-72 times a second) produce
s video signal to drive a video monitor (or flat screen display)
 input devices - keyboard, mouse (track ball), tablet, voice etc.

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 Overview of Programmer’s Model (2
/2)

Software
 application data

 application program

 graphics interface

 operating system

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 Graphical System And Standard
(1/5)

 Graphical Systems
 High level language interface to graphical
devices.
 Intended for development of portable code.
 Standard graphical systems include

CORE,

Graphical Kernel System (GKS), GKS+

Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics
System (PHIGS), PHIGS+

OpenGL, DirectX, Quickdraw 3D, VRML,
Open Inventor, X-Windows.

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 Graphical System And Standard
(2/5)

 Requirements of Graphical Systems

 Portability

Device Independence
Concept of a logical device.

Language Independence
Language Bindings for graphical systems.

Computer Independence
Trade-off between standard hardware and high
performance hardware.
 Programmer Independence
 Flexibility - In conflict with portability.

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 Graphical System And Standard
(3/5)

 Graphical Kernel System (GKS)

 Workstation


GKS has concept of a workstation.
 Device Normalisation

World Coordinates, Window in World Coordinates

Clipping to the window

Normalised Device Coordinates [0,1]x[0,1]

Normalisation Transformation

Viewports in normalised device coordinates

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 Graphical System And Standard
(4/5)

 Output Functions

Line-Drawing Primitives

Area-filling primitives

Text Output
 Input Functions

Logical input types : Locator, Valuator, Choice,
String, Pick, Stroke.

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 Graphical System And Standard
(5/5)

 Input Modes

Request mode: waits for a request for an event.

Sample mode: continually samples value of input
device.

Event mode: unsolicited input stored on a stack,
made available for processing in FIFO order.

Mixed mode.

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 Professional Societies

ACM SIGGRAPH
- Association for Computing M
achinery Special Interest Gro
up in Graphics
IEEE
- The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Techn
ical Committee on Computer
Graphics

204481 Foundation of Computer Graphics May 28, 2025 54

 Software Portability and graphic
s standards
STANDARD ORGANIZATI
ON
 ANSI = American National

Standard Institute (private,

non government)
 ISO = International Standa

rds Organization(voluntary
, non treaty)
 ANSI is a member of ISO

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 History: graphics libraries

 initially, low-level device-dependent packag

es were the norm
 movement towards high-level device-indep
endent packages, in order to promote appli
cation program portability
 requires standardization:

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 Official Standards

 1977 and 1979 - 3D SIGGRAPH CORE (ACM SI

GGRAPH)
 3D Core Graphics System ("Core") dev'd in late 7
0's as unofficial std
 GKS (Graphical Kernel System, 1985): official 2D
standard built from Core
 GKS-3D (1988): 3d objects ANSI X3.124-1985
 PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Gr
aphics System, 1988) 3D nested objects
 PHIGS+ (1988): rendering enhancements

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 Emerging Standards in APIs

 OpenGL (developed by Silicon Graphics)

 open standard
 available on all platforms
 intended for professional-level graphics like
CAD
 Direct3D
 developed by Microsoft
 Windows only
 intended for games

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 Some Notable Systems
 Tektronix commands in BASIC (mid-1970s)
 HP commands (Hewlett Packard)
 Microsoft BASIC (for PCs) graphics comma
nds (early 1980s)
 QuickDraw (Apple Macintosh)
 X (MIT)
 OpenGL (Silicon Graphics)
 SRGP (Simple Raster Graphics Package)
 SPHIGS (Simple PHIGS)
 MS Windows
 Java AWT

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 Good graphics requires ? (1/3)
 ability to control every dot (pixel) of display
 ability to control primitive shapes on the screen
 models to deal with images as a whole
 use of color, lighting, and shading
 construction of "languages" or "packages" to ext
end languages
 knowledge of hardware
 systems work

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 Good Graphics requires ? (2/3)

 mathematical transformations and represe

ntations
 transmission of pictures and commands to
make pictures
 ability to store lots of information
 high performance computers
 algorithms such as visible surface algorith
ms

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 Good Graphics requires ? (3/3)

 understanding and manipulation of dat

a structures
 good software engineering principles

 human factors engineering

 some feeling for artistic principles

 lots of effort - harder than it looks

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 Lecture Topics
 Introduction Visible Surface
 Mathematical Determination
Foundation Algorithm efficiency
 Coordinate Systems Z-buffer algorithm
 Introduction to Scan line algorithms
Graphics in 2D
Visible-surface Ray Tracing
 Windows and Clipping
 Introduction to
Other algorithms
Graphics in 3D  Color Models
 Viewing in 3D  Illumination and Shading
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 Mathematical foundation

 Mathematical appears throughout 3D graphics

Example:
 Object surfaces can be represented as polygons
whose vertex position are specified by vectors
 Rendering requires testing whether vertices lie in
front of or behind various planes.
 The test involves a dot product with the plane’s n
ormal vector.

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 Geometric transformation

 Goal: specify object’s position and orie

ntations in a 3D world
 Use Linear transformations that rotate

and translate objects’ vertices.

 Apply these transformations in matrix f

orm

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 Viewing

 Goal: map the visible part of a 3D worl

d to a 2 D image
 Use camera-like parameters to define

a 3D view volume
 Project the view voulme onto a 2D ima

ge plane
 Map viewport on the image plane to th

e screen

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 OpenGL

 OpenGL is strictly defined as “a software int

erface to graphics hardware”.
 It is a 3D graphics and modeling library
 variety purposes, CAD engineering, archite
ctural applications, computer-generated dia
nosaurs in blockbuster movies
 Developed by SGI

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 Clipping

 Goal: cut off the part of objects outside

the view volume to avoid rendering the
m

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 Scan Conversion

 Goal: convert a project, clipped object i

nto pixels on raster lines.
 Use efficient incremental methods

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 Antialiasing

 Raster displays produce blocky aliasin

g artifacts
 Antialiasing techniques reduces the pr

oblem by applying the theory of sampli

ng and signal processing

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 Color

 Various color spaces provide ways to

specify colors in term of components:
 red, green, blue

 hue, saturation, value

 Different output devices display differe

nt subsets of the perceptible colors

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 Hidden Surface Removal

 When several overlapping polygons are

drawn on the screen, which one is on
top?
Which is
right?

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 Z-buffering

 A fast hardware solution is This pixel is

drawn on
the Z-buffer
screen
 The “depth” of each pixel
relative to the screen is Screen
calculated and saved in a Polygons
buffer
 The pixel with the smallest
depth is the one that is
displayed
 The other pixels are on Z
surfaces that are hidden

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 Lighting Models and Shading

 For visual realism, lighting

Ambient lighting:
models have been developed
to illuminate the surfaces of
solid models
 These models incorporate
reflected light
 ambient lighting and illumination incident
light
 diffuse reflection of directional
lighting
 specular reflection of directional
reflected light
lighting incident
light

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 Ray Tracing
Light Source

Shadow Ray
Eye
Object
Eye Ray

Shadow Ray
Object
Light Source
 Ray tracing traces a ray of
light from the eye to a light
source
 Ray tracing realistically
renders scenes with shiny
and transparent objects

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 Radiosity

 Diffuse illumination
results from the
absorption and reflection
of diffuse light from
many objects in the
scene
 Radiosity uses thermal
models of emission and
reflection of radiation to Radiosity is very good at
accurately calculate rendering architectural
interiors
diffuse lighting

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 Texture Mapping

 For realism, photographic textures are

“mapped” onto the surfaces of objects
 Example textures: texture
mapping
 woodgrain
 concrete
 grass reflections

 marble shadows

 Texture mapping is very computationally

intensive

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 Example of Shading

Wireframe Flat Shaded

Smooth Shaded Shadows

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 Course Source :

 Instructor: Pradondet Nilagupta


E-mail: [email protected]
 Phone: 9428555 ext. 1415 (office)

Office hours: after class; 1-2pm Monday or by
appointment
 Web Page
 Course Homepage:
http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~pom/courses/204481/2
04481.html
 Course Syllabus:
http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~pom/courses/204481/sy
llabus.html

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