PRESENTATION ON CROSS HOLE
SONIC LOGGING (CSL) TEST
W H AT I S C S L ?
Cross-Hole Sonic Logging (CSL) is a common testing methods for determining
the integrity of in-situ constructed deep foundation.
WHY CSL REQUIRED?
It is more advanced than the Pile integrity test.
Quick and safe – CSL tests performed in less than 5 minutes.
Can perform tests for above and below waterline structures.
Identify and locate the presence of multiple defects.
Can deliver high-resolution images with unsurpassed accuracy and interpretation simplicity.
Perform QA regarding the presence of poor quality concrete, voids, honeycombing and soil
intrusion.
Identify the size, shape, severity, nature and location of irregularity.
C S L A P PA R AT U S
TEST PROCEDURE
Installing of Sonic Tubes (As per OCS- Cross sonic logging test):
4 Sonic Tubes of 50 mm ID and 1 mm thick in each pile shall be attached to the steel cage
filled with water prior to the concrete placement. The water acts as a coupling medium
between the transducer and the tube.
PVC or any kind of plastic material is strictly prohibited as it cannot resist great compression
pressure.
Attached sonic tubes shall be free from any rust or dirt.
To form single tube, all pipes are to be connected with an enlarged end Bell Mouth push fit
arrangement provided with rubber gasket and to ensure the proper engagement of joints and
avoid leakages. The tubes must have and removable cap on top.
Tube shoe usually used to seal the bottom to avoid ingress of concrete or mud. Similarly, the
top of the tubes shall be sealed temporarily until conducting the test.
Tubes tie with wire to interior of cage at regular intervals of every 1000 mm (minimum) to
maintain tube alignment during cage lifting, lowering and concrete placement.
After completion of test, remove the water from tubes and fill with grout material.
TEST PROCEDURE
TEST PROCEDURE
Wave Requirement:
Speed is related to the modulus (E), and bulk density (unit weight= γ, and gravitational
acceleration= g).
The emitter generates a sonic pulse (in order of 10 pulses per second)
TEST PROCEDURE
Taking Readings:
The source and receiver transducers are lowered to the bottom of their respective tubes and
placed such that they are in the same horizontal plane.
The emitter transducer generates a sonic pulse (on the order of 10 pulses per second), which
is detected by the receiver in the adjacent tube.
The two transducers are simultaneously raised at a rate of about 300 mm/sec until they
reach the top of the drilled shaft Voids
The test shall be repeated for each pair of tubes, i.e. 3- runs for a pile with 3 tubes & 6-runs
for a pile with 4 tubes.
As per OCS - Cross-hole Sonic logging testing is compulsory for 25% of piles with 100%
of piles installed with recess tubes and equipped for testing. The Engineer will randomly
select and conduct tests of 25% of piles.
T U B E S P E C I F I C AT I O N S
The supplier should have in-house testing facility so as to ensure 100% pressure test and
batch-test of sonic tubes before supply them to site. The Sonic Tubes assembly should be
tested for following tests -
External Pressure Test:
Description of Sonic Tube Pressure Hold Desired Results Criteria
(Mpa) Time
Sonic Tubes Diameter 50 mm >= 5 >= 60 No Leakages from 100% sonic tubes
X 1.0 mm Thick Sec Inner Surface of to be tested prior
Tubes and no dispatch.
Distortion of Tubes.
T U B E S P E C I F I C AT I O N S
Pull Out Test for Tubes:
Description of Sonic Tube Tensile Force Desired Results Criteria
to be applied
Sonic Tubes Diameter 50 mm >= 0.5 KN No Distortion Minimum 3 samples
X 1.0 mm Thick found and should to be tested of the lot
withstand the test being dispatched.
load of >=0.5 KN.
Pull Out Test for Tubes(Fixing Ears):
Description of Sonic Tube Tensile Force Desired Results Criteria
to be applied
Sonic Tubes Diameter 50 mm >= 0.5 KN No Distortion Minimum 3 samples
X 1.0 mm Thick found and should to be tested of the lot
withstand the test being dispatched.
load of >=0.5 KN.
T U B E S P E C I F I C AT I O N S
Crush Test:
Detail of Sonic Tube Description Test Desired Criteria
Results
Direction 1500 mm No Cracks
4000 + 150/- Minimum 3
After test 30 samples to be
Sonic Tubes Diameter Drop weight 0g
mm Steel ball tested of the lot
50 mm X 1.0 mm Thick
can go through being dispatched.
Diameter of the tubes.
50.03 mm
Drop
Sonic Coring
At least 7 days after the pile has been cast, but before carrying out any sonic
logging test, a core of concrete and soil or rock from the founding material shall
be taken. The core shall be taken from the base of the 50mm diameter sonic
logging tube. The core shall be kept in a suitable wooden box with depths clearly
recorded on rigid markers, shall be photographed along with a scale and colour
chart. Thereafter, these shall be delivered to a core store designated by the
Engineer. The scanning of the pile toe for its integrity by measuring the
propagation time of transmitted waves between the vertical tubes and the pile toe/
founding strata shall also be carried out.
B A S I C A R R A N G E M E N T & I N T E R P R I TAT I O N
B A S I C A R R A N G E M E N T & I N T E R P R I TAT I O N
L I M I TAT I O N O F C S L
The testing can be performed only on drilled shafts for which access tubes
were installed.
De-bonding between the tubes and concrete is common if testing occurs
long after the concrete placement.
Testing in fresh concrete is also difficult as certain zones may cure at a
lower rate, creating difficulties in the interpretation of the threshold time
and energy. These zones may therefore be interpreted as poor quality
concrete.
SAMPLE REPORT
SAMPLE REPORT
SAMPLE REPORT
SAMPLE REPORT
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