Psychology

UINT

Unit_II
Prepared By :
Mehwish Fatima

_
 OBJECTIVES

• In this unit we discuss brain/behavior

relationships and how heredity
influences behaviour.
• The biological influence on behaviour
• How heredity and environment
interact to produce the development of
behavior.
• Discuss research method used in
behavior genetic research.
 Definition

Behavior includes anything individual

does (physical actions), anything an
individual speaks (verbal behavior) and
their facial expressions or bodily gestures.
These behaviors can be observed as we
can see or hear them. “Dynamics of
human behavior are the factors that
stimulate a change in human behavior”.
 Dynamics of Behaviour

• Body mind relationship.

• Genetics and environment in behavior
• Brain and behavior.
• Psychology of sensation: muscular and
glandular controls of behavior
 EXPLANATION

o Mind and body are interrelated and

interacts each other.
o Mind is the function of body
o Our mental processes become richer and
complex day by day.
o Mind is not reality, but a hypothetical
structure.
o Mind is associated with thinking, reasoning,
 Conti…..

o Imagining, remembering ,judging,

observing,etc.

o The mind can be defined as the total

of various mental functioning.
 Levels of Mind
• CONSCIOUS:
Deals with experiences that are aware at
moment while doing a mental activity. It
is our current thoughts and perception.
Preconscious/subconscious:
lies below the margin of
consciousness.it includes the matter that
can be
 CONTI…..

• consciousness.it includes the matter

that can be re-collected.it also
prevents the flow of material from
unconscious to conscious, it is our
memory and stored knowledge.
 Conti…

• Unconscious;
Totally unaware ,they do not become
conscious until some method like
psychoanalysis are used.it includes
repressed, thoughts, phobias, immoral
urges etc.
 Mode Of Consciousness

• Cognition:
To know the cognitive art of the brain has to
do with intelligence.
• Affects:
To feel, the affective deals with emotions
• Conation:
To do, conative drives how one acts on those
thoughts and feelings
 Altered state of Consciousness
(ASC)
• It is any condition that is significantly
different from a normal waking state.
• It can occur accidentally due to fever,
meningitis, sleep deprivation, psychosis
or accident.
• It can be reached intentionally by
hypnosis mediation etc.
• It can also be ingested psychoactive
substances use like alcohol, cannabis
etc.
 Conti…
• They may be induced by social
behavior such as frenzied dancing
such as abnormal excitement, or
emotional disturbance.
• Hypnosis: it is procedure that can lead
to ASC by the power of suggestion. In
this stage the subject act, perceive,
think and feel according to the
hypnotist suggestion
 Conti…

• Meditation:
It is practice of focusing attention to
enhance awarnace and gain more
control over physical and mental
processes. This also include breathing
exercises.
 Body-Mind Relationship

Effects of the mind on bodily

functions.

Effect of body on mental functioning.

 Effects of Body on Mental
functioning
Increased blood pressure leads to
mental over activity
Fatigue of the body makes
concentration difficult and reduces
cognitive functioning
Constipation can cause irritability and
depression
Excessive thyroid activity leads to
excitability.
 Conti….

• Lack of sleep disturb cognition

• Overactive adrenal glands produce
aggressive behavior
 Effects Of the Mind On Bodily
Functions
Unpleasant emotions like fear, anger, worry
cause headache, insomnia, indigestion.
Emotional conflicts are responsible for
peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis and flatulence.
Injury to brain causes altered mental process.
Suppressed or repressed feelings causes
nervousness anxiety, depression etc.
 Genetics and environment
• Genetics/Heredity: it is the biological
through which the transmission of
physical and psychological characteristic
from parents to offspring occurs.
• ENVIRONMENT: it includes all the
factors that influence an organism after
conception, it may be external or internal.
• Principles of reproduction: similarities
among same families, race and species
 Conti…
• Principle of variations: differences
among species and races, e.g color of
African and Europeans
• Principle of chance: the combination of
genes that go into the single cell which
results from fertilization is a matter of
chance in human nature and other
aspects
• Genetic disorder: Down syndrome,
Turner syndrome
 Environment
• Internal environment: the
intracellular environment affects the
embryonic development, the intra-
uterine environment affects the
growth and nourishment of fetus.
• The external environment include:
a) Physical environment: weather, food,
water ,shelter, pollution, crowding,
disturbance in B.P and stress level
 Conti…..

a) Social environment: family, peers,

community ,culture it influence
values ,effects pampering personality,
autonomy,
 BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR

• The human brain with other parts of the nervous

system plays and important role in behavior.
• Review structure of neurone,types of neuron
and role of synopsis.
• Spinal cord: channel of communication and
reflex action
• Forebrain: Thalamus (relay-
station),Hypothalamus(emotions
&motivation)&cerebrum.
 Brain & Behavior

• Occipital lobe: visual perception

• Parietal lobe: sense of touch, area of touch.
• Temporal lobe: auditory sensation.
• Frontal lobe: voluntary activities, eating,
speaking, crying, attention ,learning etc.
Language abilities.
• Mid brain: connecting mid brain and hind
brain: ability of concentration.
 Conti…

• Hind brain: medulla oblongata(motor

activities, digestion, B.P
(respiration),pons(coordination of
muscles and sides of body, cerebellum
(coordination of balance).
• PNS somatic system and autonomic
system.
 Neurotransmitters

A chemical substance which is released

at the end of nerve fiber by the arrival of
nerve impulse and by diffusing across
the synapses and junction.
Acetylcholine: It is implicit dim sleep,
arousal pain, perception, the modulation
and coordination of movement, memory
acquisition and retention
 Conti…
• Nor-epinephrine: associated with fight &flight
syndrome. It also help in regulation of mood,
cognition& perception.
• Dopamine: regulation of movement and
coordination, emotions, voluntary descion
making ability.
• Serotonin: role in sleep, arousal ,libido,
appetite, mood , aggression and pain
perception
 Psychology of Sensation
• The joint mechanism of our sensory
organs and brain make us aware or
conscious of presence of a particular
stimulus or stimuli available in our
internal and external environment.
• It includes the following steps:
• Stimulus
• Receptors/sensory organ
 Conti….

• Sensory nerves
• Brain
 Psychology Of Sensations
• Visual sensation
• Audatory sensation
• Olfactory sensation
• Gustatory sensation
• Cutaneous sensation
• Kinesthetic sensation:it is a type of
sensation that enables us to react in
position or movement of various parts of
body without actualy observing it
 Conti…..
• e.g. braking the vehicle,
• using switch board,
• using remote
• control, using
• computer key board,
• there is no special organ for it
 Psychology of Glands&
Muscles
Muscle are termed as the useful
machine and action organ of the body
to carry out a number of conative
activities.it is associated with joints,
bones, muscles ,tenders, ligaments
etc.
Types of muscles: smooth(digestion,
excretion, and circulation), cardiac
muscles(heart) and striated muscle
(hands, legs ,movements,etc).
 Conti….
• Function of muscles:
• Creating movements.
• Maintaining posture.
• Stabilizing joints.
• Producing heat.
 Physiology of Glands Muscle
• Exocrine Glands: salivary glands,tear glands,
sweat glands etc.
• Fear and anxiety: under activity of slivary
gland,dry mouth urination occurs.
• Sorrow and grief: tear roll down.
• Anger: sweat gland over active.
• Emotion expression: glands are necessary
 Conti…

• Endocrine gland : secret directly to

blood.
• Pineal gland:melatonin: circadian
rhythm.
• Pituitary gland: number of hormones:
control others
 Conti…
• Thymus gland: immunity and sexual
function.
• Pancreas: insulin and glucagon,
activity, weakness, nervousness etc.
• Thyroid glands.
• Gonads: control sex behaviour.
• Adrenal: meets emergency situation.
Meets body need during fear,anger
etc.
 The nerve impulse
Nerve impulse:
All animal cells generate a small voltage
across their membranes
There are a large amount of small
organic molecules in the cytoplasm (e.g.
amino acids)
To balance this, animal cells pump Na+
out of the cells
 Conti…..

• This regulates osmosis but it leaves a

large number of organic molecules
• These organic molecules are overall
negatively charged (anions) in the
cytoplasm
• Thus the cell has a potential difference
(voltage) across its membrane
Microscoic image of neurone
 Resting Potential

• Neurone:

Neurons, like other cells, are more

negatively charged inside than outside
This results in a membrane potential of
about – 70 milliVolts
This is called the resting potential of the
neuron.
 Action Potential

• It is the means by which the neuron

conducts information along the axon
to some destination within, or out
side the central nervous system,
• An action potential is initiated when
stimulus changes the characteristics of
nerve membrane.
 Salutatory Conduction

• The action potential only occurs at

nodes of Ranvier, the gaps in the
myelin sheath, thus the action
potential, instead of moving down the
axon jumps from one node of Ranvier
to another, this is called salutatory
conduction.
THANKS