BASIC

STATISTICAL
TOOLS
Objectives:

 To familiarize the basic statistical tools used in

research

 To utilize and apply statistical tools to assist

advisees in research.

 To appreciate the importance of knowing the

concepts of basic statistical tools used for conduct
of a research study.
INTRODUCTION

 STATISTICS is a branch of science that deals with the

collection, organization, analysis of data and drawing
of inferences from the samples to the whole
population.
 This requires a proper design of the study, an
appropriate selection of the study sample and choice
of a suitable statistical test.
 Improper statistical methods may result in erroneous
conclusions which may lead to unethical practice.
VARIABLES
 Variable is a characteristic that varies from
one individual member of population to
another individual.
 Variables such as height and weight are
measured by some type of scale, convey
quantitative information and are called as
quantitative variables.
 Sex and eye color give qualitative information
and are called as qualitative variables.
Identify the dependent and independent
variables in each pair of the following
variables.
1. Altitude and acceleration due to
gravity.
2. Price of goods and the demand.
3. Monthly salary and annual income of a
worker.
4. IQand academic performance of a
student.
5. Temperature and volume of air in a
STATISTICS: DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics try to describe the relationship
between variables in a sample or population.
 provide a summary of data in the form of mean, median
and mode.
Inferential statistics use a random sample of data taken
from a population to describe and make inferences about
the whole population.
 It is valuable when it is not possible to examine each
member of an entire population.
In inferential statistics…
 data are analyzed from a sample to make
inferences in the larger collection of the
population.
 The purpose is to answer or test the hypotheses.

A HYPOTHESIS (plural hypotheses) is a proposed

explanation for a phenomenon.
 Hypothesis tests are thus procedures for making
rational decisions about the reality of observed
effects.
Hypothesis Testing
 is a way for you to test the results of a survey or experiment to see
if you have meaningful results.
 4 steps to hypothesis testing

1. Set the null and the alternative hypotheses.

2. Set the significance level, criteria for a decision.

3. Compute the test statistic

4. Make a decision.
Null and Alternative Hypotheses
 ‘null hypothesis’ (H0 ‘H-naught,’ ‘H-null’) denotes that there is no
relationship (difference) between the population variables in question.

 Alternative hypothesis (H1 and Ha) denotes that a statement between

the variables is expected to be true.

 Example: H0: There is no significant difference on the flavor

acceptability of seaweed ice cream with moringa and squash ice
cream with moringa.

 H1: There is a significant difference on the flavor acceptability of

seaweed ice cream with moringa and squash ice cream with moringa.
 If Computed Value ≥ Tabulated Value or Critical Value,
Significant = Reject H0

 If Computed Value ˂ Tabulated or Critical Value,

Insignificant = Accept H0

 P-value > 0.05 The result is not statistically

significant and hence don’t reject the null
hypothesis.

 P-value < 0.05 The result is statistically

significant. Generally, reject the null hypothesis
in favour of the alternative hypothesis.
 Student’s t-test or t-test
 used to determine if there is a significant difference between two
variables (bivariate) for experimental researches.
 used to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between
the means of the two groups.
 is used when the sample size is small n ˂ 30.
 The Calculated T value is then compared against a value obtained
from a Critical Value.
 Higher values of the T score indicates that a large difference exists
between the two sample sets and is a measurement of the dispersion
or variability.
Sample research questions
that would make use of t-
test
A. Do men and women have different average
amounts of self-esteem?
B. Does the number of physical symptoms
differ among groups of heart disease
patients receiving medication versus
receiving a placebo?
z-test
 is a common statistical tool used in
bivariate analysis in descriptive research.

 is a statistical way of testing a Null

hypothesis when the sample size is large n
≥ 30.
 Pearson's Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient, r
 Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient
(sometimes known as PPMCC or PCC,) is a measure of the
linear relationship between two variables that have been
measured on interval or ratio scales.

 Itcan only be used to measure the relationship between

two variables which are both normally distributed.

 It
is usually denoted by r and it can only take values
between −1 and 1.
Pearson r Qualitative
Description
±1 Perfect

± 0.75 to ˂ ± 1 Very high

± 0.50 to ˂ ± 0.75 Moderately high

± 0.25 to ˂ ± 0.50 Moderately low

˃ 0 to ˂ ± 0.25 Very low

0 No Correlation
Sample research questions

A. Isthere a significant relationship in the

performance of Grade 12-STEM students
in Physics and Mathematics?
B. Is
there a significant relationship
between a person’s age with their blood
sugar level?
Note: (Pearson’s correlation coefficient
were designed such that the units of
measurement do not affect the calculation)
 Spearman’s rank coefficient of
correlation or Spearman
correlation coefficient
is a nonparametric measure of
rank correlation (statistical
dependence of ranking between
two variables).
It measures the strength and
direction of the association
between two ranked variables.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS tests 3 or more
independent variables at a time in the degree of
relationship with the dependent variables.
The statistical tools used in this type are the
 F-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA)
 Friedman two way analysis of variance by
ranks,
 Chi-square
 Use a one-way ANOVA when you have collected data about
one categorical independent variable and one quantitative
dependent variable. The independent variable should have at
least three levels (i.e. at least three different groups or
categories).
 Examples:
• Your independent variable is social media use, and you assign
groups to low, medium, and high levels of social media use to
find out if there is a difference in hours of sleep per night.
• Your independent variable is brand of soda, and you collect data
on Coke, Pepsi, Sprite, and Fanta to find out if there is a
difference in the price per 100ml.
• You independent variable is type of fertilizer, and you treat crop
fields with mixtures 1, 2 and 3 to find out if there is a difference
in crop yield.
Chi-square
 A chi-square test is used to help determine if observed
results are in line with expected results, and to rule out
that observations are due to chance.
 A chi-square test is appropriate for this when the data
being analyzed are from a random sample, and when
the variable in question is a categorical variable.
 A categorical variable is one that consists of selections
such as type of car, race, educational attainment, male
or female, or how much somebody likes a political
candidate (from very much to very little).
Determine the appropriate statistical tool for the following
problems.
1. The effect of shrimp meal and bread meal as supplemental
feeds of catfish cultured in the fishpond.
2. Adequacy of facilities of SANHS as perceived by faculty and
students.
3. Job performance of teachers in private and public schools in
Sagbayan.
4. Relationship between Mathematics and English scores of Grade
7 students in SANHS.
5. Effectiveness of Teaching English to Grade 8 students using
Method 1, Method 2, Method 3 and Method 4.
6. Job performance and Educational Qualification of professors of
BISU-MC.
To summarize…
 It is important that a researcher knows the concepts of the basic
statistical methods used for conduct of a research study.
 This will help to conduct an appropriately well-designed study leading to
valid and reliable results.
 Inappropriate use of statistical techniques may lead to faulty conclusions,
inducing errors and undermining the significance of the article.
 Bad statistics may lead to bad research, and bad research may lead to
unethical practice. Hence, an adequate knowledge of statistics and the
appropriate use of statistical tests are important.
 An appropriate knowledge about the basic statistical methods will go a
long way in improving the research designs and producing quality
medical research which can be utilised for formulating the evidence-
based guidelines.