TRANSMISSION MEDIA &
SWITCHING
L. DHARSHINI PRIYA
B.TECH AI&DS
COMPUTER NETWORKS
What is Transmission
media?
• Transmission media is a communication channel
that carries the information from the sender to
the receiver. Data is transmitted through the
electromagnetic signals.
• The characteristics and quality of data
transmission are determined by the
characteristics of medium and signal.
• Different transmission media have different
properties such as bandwidth, delay, cost and
ease of installation and maintenance.
• Transmission media is of two types are wired
media and wireless media.
Causes Of Transmission Impairment:
ATTENUATION: ATTENUATION MEANS THE DISTORTION: THIS TYPE OF NOISE: WHEN DATA IS TRAVELLED OVER
LOSS OF ENERGY, I.E., THE STRENGTH DISTORTION IS EXAMINED FROM A TRANSMISSION MEDIUM, SOME
OF THE SIGNAL DECREASES WITH DIFFERENT SIGNALS HAVING DIFFERENT UNWANTED SIGNAL IS ADDED TO IT
INCREASING THE DISTANCE WHICH FREQUENCIES. EACH FREQUENCY WHICH CREATES THE NOISE.
CAUSES THE LOSS OF ENERGY. COMPONENT HAS ITS OWN PROPAGATION
SPEED, SO THEY REACH AT A
DIFFERENT TIME WHICH LEADS TO THE
DELAY DISTORTION.
TYPES OF
TRANSMISSION
MEDIA:
GUIDED MEDIA
• It is defined as the
physical medium through
which the signals are
transmitted. It is also
known as Bounded media.
• Types Of Guided media:
• Twisted pair
• Co-axial cable
• Fibre optic
Twisted pair:
• Twisted pair is a physical
media made up of a pair of
cables of copper wire twisted
in regular spiral pattern.
• A twisted pair cable is cheap
as compared to other
transmission media.
Installation of the twisted
pair cable is easy, and it is
a lightweight cable.
• The frequency range for
twisted pair cable is from 0
to 3.5KHz.
• Types of twisted pair:
+ Unshielded twisted pair
+ Shielded twisted pair
• Unshielded Twisted Pair:
+ An unshielded twisted pair
is widely used in
telecommunication. Following
are the categories of the
unshielded twisted pair
cable.
• Shielded twisted pair:
+ A shielded twisted pair is a
cable that contains the mesh
surrounding the wire that
allows the higher
transmission rate.
Coaxial Cable:
• Coaxial cable is very commonly used
transmission media, for example, TV
wire is usually a coaxial cable
contains two conductors parallel.
• The inner conductor of the coaxial
cable is made up of copper, and the
outer conductor is made up of copper
mesh.
• The middle core is made up of non-
conductive cover that separates the
inner conductor from the outer
conductor and it is responsible for
data sharing.
• Coaxial cable is of two types:
+ Baseband transmission
+ Broadband transmission
Fibre Optic:
• Fibre optic is a cable that
holds the optical fibres
coated in plastic that are
used to send the data by
pulses of light.The plastic
coating protects the optical
fibres from heat, cold,
electromagnetic interference
from other types of
wiring.Fibre optics provide
faster data transmission
than copper wires.
• Basic elements of Fibre
optic cable:
+ Core
+ Cladding
+ Jacket
UNGUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA:
• An unguided transmission
transmits the
electromagnetic waves
without using any physical
medium. Therefore it is also
known as wireless
transmission.In unguided
media, air is the media
through which the
electromagnetic energy can
flow easily.
• Broadly classified into
three types:
+ Radio waves
+ Microwaves
+ Infrared
RADIO WAVES:
• Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves
that are transmitted in all the directions
of free space.Radio waves are
omnidirectional, i.e., the signals are
propagated in all the directions.The range
in frequencies of radio waves is from 3Khz
to 1 khz.In the case of radio waves, the
sending and receiving antenna are not
aligned, i.e., the wave sent by the sending
antenna can be received by any receiving
antenna.An example of the radio wave is FM
radio.
MICROWAVES:
• Microwaves are of two types:
+ Terrestrial microwaveSatellite
microwave communication.
• Terrestrial Microwave Transmission.
+ Terrestrial Microwave
transmission is a technology that
transmits the focused beam of a
radio signal from one ground-
based microwave transmission
antenna to another.
+ Antenna are placed in same height
and km distance.
• Satellite Microwave Communication:
+ Satellite communication is more
reliable nowadays as it offers
more flexibility than cable and
fibre optic systems.We can
communicate with any point on the
globe by using satellite
communication.
Infrared:
• An infrared transmission is a wireless
technology used for communication over
short ranges.
• The frequency of the infrared in the
range from 300 GHz to 400 THz.
• It is used for short-range communication
such as data transfer between two cell
phones, TV remote operation, data
transfer between a computer and cell
phone resides in the same closed area.
Switching:
• The transfer of data packets, or
blocks of data, through a network
switch. Switches transfer data
from source ports on devices such
as computers to destination ports
on devices such as routers.
• Switching takes place at the Data
Link layer of the OSI Model.
• This means that after the
generation of data packets in the
Physical Layer, switching is the
immediate next process in data
communication.
What is a Network Switching?
• A switch is a dedicated
piece of computer hardware
that facilitates the process
of switching i.e., incoming
data packets and
transferring them to their
destination.
• A switch decides the port
through which a data packet
shall pass with the help of
its destination MAC(Media
Access Control) Address.
Process of
Switching:
• Frame Reception
• MAC Address Extraction
• Forwarding Decision and
Switching Table Update
• Frame Transition
Types of switching:
There are three Message Switching Circuit Switching Packet Switching
types of switching
methods: Datagram Packet Switching
Virtual Circuit Packet
Switching
Message Switching:
• This is an older switching technique
that has become obsolete. In message
switching technique, the entire data
block/message is forwarded across the
entire network thus, making it highly
inefficient.
Circuit Switching:
• In this type of switching, a connection is
established between the source and
destination beforehand. This connection
receives the complete bandwidth of the
network until the data is transferred
completely.This approach is better than
message switching as it does not involve
sending data to the entire network, instead
of its destination only.
Packet Switching:
• This technique requires the data to be broken
down into smaller components, data frames, or
packets.
• These data frames are then transferred to
their destinations according to the available
resources in the network at a particular time.
• Here, each data frame contains additional
information about the destination and other
information required for proper transfer
through network components.
• Types of Packet Switching:
+ Datagram Packet Switching
+ Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching
Types:
Datagram Packet Switching: Virtual Circuit Packet
Switching
In Datagram Packet switching, each data In Virtual-Circuit Packet switching, a
frame is taken as an individual entity logical connection between the source
and thus, they are processed separately. and destination is made before
Here, no connection is established transmitting any data. These logical
before data transmission occurs. connections are called virtual circuits.
Although this approach provides Each data frame follows these logical
flexibility in data transfer, it may paths and provides a reliable way of
cause a loss of data frames or late transmitting data with less chance of
delivery of the data frames. data loss.
THANK YOU
