POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTION
by:
SHARON A. MIRANDA
PRAYER
OBJECTIVES
• 1. Describe the behavior of the graph using the
Leading Coefficient Test.
• 2. Identify the number of turning points and the
behavior of the graph based on the multiplicity of
zeros.
• 3. Sketch the graph of polynomial function.
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
3 -2 4𝑥
+3
3x + 4x + 3
5𝑥 + 3x – 2
1
2 3
2
𝑥
2
8x -
NOT
POLYNOMIALS
Things to Consider in Graphing a Polynomial
Function Term with the highest
leading term
exponent
Positive or negative
sign ofHighest
the leading term is it odd
exponent;
degreeor even? Rises to the left? falls to
the
end behavior of the graph right?
points at which the graph
number of turning points
changes from increasing to
decreasing or vice versa.
y= 6x – 6 + 11x + x
2 3
degree: 3 odd
leading positive
term:
y= – 6x + 11x + x
4 3
degree: 4 even
leading negative
term:
y= – x + 11x + x
4 8
degree: 8 even
leading positive
term:
y= – 1 + 8x – 2x
9 5
degree: 5 odd
leading negative
term:
• 1) f(x)= –x4 + 3x3 – 2 – 5x
a. leading term = –x4 (term with the highest exponent)
b. degree= 4 (exponent of the leading term)
c. behavior of the graph= falls to the left and right (since
the leading term is negative and has a degree of 4 which is
an even number) both end behavior of the graph go
down
d. number of turning points = 3 (that is n – 1, n is the degree)
• 1) f(x)= –x4 + 3x3 – 2 – 5x
degree= 4 leading term = –x 4
degree= even leading term = negative
number of turning points= 3 (degree – 1)
Turning
Points
• 2) f(x)= –x3 + 10x2 – 33x + 32
a. leading term = –x3 (term with the highest exponent)
b. degree= 3 (exponent of the leading term)
c. behavior of the graph= rises to the left and falls to the
right (since the leading term is negative and has a degree
of 3 which is an odd number) left end behavior of the
graph goes up and right end behavior of the graph
goes down
d. number of turning points = 2 (that is n – 1, n is the degree)
• 2) f(x)= –x3 + 10x2 – 33x + 32
degree= 3 leading term = –x 3
degree= odd leading term = negative
number of turning points= 2 (degree – 1)
• 3) f(x)= x3 – 2x2 +1
a. leading term = x3 (term with the highest exponent)
b. degree= 3 (exponent of the leading term)
c. behavior of the graph= falls to the left and rises to the
right (since the leading term is positive and has a degree
of 3 which is an odd number) left end behavior of the
graph goes down and right end behavior of the graph
goes up
d. number of turning points = 2 (that is n – 1, n is the degree)
• 3) f(x)= x3 – 2x2 +1
degree= 3 leading term = x 3
degree= odd leading term = positive
number of turning points= 2 (degree – 1)
• 4) f(x)= x4 + 2x3 – 6x2 + x – 1
a. leading term = x4 (term with the highest exponent)
b. degree= 4 (exponent of the leading term)
c. behavior of the graph= rises to both left and right end
(since the leading term is positive and has a degree of 4
which is an even number) both end behavior of the
graph go up
d. number of turning points = 3 (that is n – 1, n is the degree)
• 4) f(x)= x4 + 2x3 – 6x2 + x – 1
degree= 4 leading term = x 4
degree= even leading term = positive
number of turning points= 3 (degree – 1)
• 5) f(x)= – x5 + 4x3 – x + 1
a. leading term = – x5 (term with the highest exponent)
b. degree= 5 (exponent of the leading term)
c. behavior of the graph= rises to the left and falls to the
right (since the leading term is negative and has a degree
of 5 which is an odd number) left end behavior of the
graph goes up and right end behavior of the graph
goes down
d. number of turning points = 4 (that is n – 1, n is the degree)
• 5) f(x)= – x5 + 4x3 – x + 1
degree= 5 leading term = – x 5
degree= odd leading term = negative
number of turning points= 4 (degree – 1)
Identify what is being asked in each given
polynomial function.
Identify what is being asked in each given
polynomial function.
Evaluating Polynomial Function
To evaluate a polynomial function means to find the
value of the function at a given value of x.
Evaluating Polynomial Function
Ex. Find f(2) and f(– 3) for each of the following.
1. f(x) = x3 + x2 – 7x – 3
Solution:
To find f(2) and f(–3), replace x by 2 and -3 in f(x) respectively.
f(x)= x3 + x2 – 7x – 3
f(2)= 23 + 22 – 7(2) – 3
= 8 + 4 – 14 – 3
f(2)= – 5
Evaluating Polynomial Function
Ex. Find f(2) and f(– 3) for each of the following.
1. f(x) = x3 + x2 – 7x – 3
Solution:
f(x)= x3 + x2 – 7x – 3
f(– 3)= (–3)3 + (–3)2 – 7(–3) – 3
= – 27 + 9 + 21 – 3
f(–3) = 0
Evaluating Polynomial Function
Ex. Find f(2) and f(– 3) for each of the following.
2. f(x) = 2x4 + 5x3 – 8x2 – 7x – 9
Solution:
f(x) = 2x4 + 5x3 – 8x2 – 7x – 9
f(2) = 2(2)4 + 5(2)3 – 8(2)2 – 7(2) – 9
= 2(16) + 5(8) – 8(4) – 7(2) – 9
= 32 + 40 – 32 – 14 – 9
f(2)= 17
Evaluating Polynomial Function
Ex. Find f(2) and f(– 3) for each of the following.
2. f(x) = 2x4 + 5x3 – 8x2 – 7x – 9
Solution:
f(x) = 2x4 + 5x3 – 8x2 – 7x – 9
f(–3) = 2(–3)4 + 5(–3)3 – 8(–3)2 – 7(–3) – 9
= 2(81) + 5(–27) – 8(9) – 7(–3) – 9
= 162 – 135 – 72 + 21 – 9
f(–3) = –33
Zeroes of Polynomial Functions
• The zeroes of polynomial function P are the roots of the
corresponding polynomial equations P(x) = 0. This implies
that if P(c)= 0, then c is a zero of P(x). It can be shown that for
a polynomial function of degree n, the following statements
are true:
Zeroes of Polynomial Functions
The function has, at most, n real zeroes.
The graph has, at most, n – 1 turning points.
Turning points (relative maximum or relative minimum)
are points at which the graph changes from increasing
to decreasing or vice versa.
Zeroes of Polynomial Functions
The zeros of a polynomial function are the values of
x which make f(x)= 0. These values are the roots, or
solutions of the polynomial equation when y= 0. All
real roots are the x- intercepts of the graph.
Determine the number of zeroes of each polynomial function.
Solution:
1. f(x) = 3x31 + x21 – 2x11 + 7x = 0 f(x) is of the 31 st
degree.
Hence, f(x) has 31 zeroes.
2. g(x) = (x+2)4 (3x – 1)2 (x – 1)5 = 0 g(x) is of 4+2+5= 11th
degree. Hence, it has 11
zeroes.
Multiplicities of Zeroes
• The multiplicity of a zero is the number of times the real root of
a polynomial functions results in f(x)= 0. Suppose r is a zero of
even multiplicity, then the graph touches the x- axis at r and
bounces at r or is tangent to point (r, 0). Suppose r is a zero of
odd multiplicity. Then the graph crosses the x- axis at r.
Regardless of whether a multiplicity is even or odd, the graph
tends to flatten out near zeros with a multiplicity greater than
one.
Multiplicities of Zeroes
Determine the degree, the zeroes and multiplicity of
each polynomial function.
1. f(x)= (x – 3)2(x + 1)3(2x + 5)
2. f(x)= x3(x+2)(x – 4)5
1. f(x)= (x – 3)2(x + 1)3(2x + 5)
It is of the 6th degree (add the exponent of each factor, 2+3+1=6). It has 6 zeroes
or real roots. To find the zeroes, simply equate each factor to 0. The exponent of
each factor determines its multiplicity.
(x – 3)2 (x + 1)3 (2x + 5) Therefore, the zeroes are 3
to the multiplicity of 2; –1
2x + 5 = 0 to the multiplicity of 3 and
x – 3= 0 x + 1 = 0 2x= –5 –.
x=–
x= 3 x= –1
2. f(x)= x3(x+2)(x – 4)5
It is of the 9th degree (add the exponent of each factor,
3+1+5=9).
It has 9 zeroes or roots.
To find the zeroes, simply equate each factor to 0.
The exponent of each factor determines its multiplicity.
Its zeroes are 0 to the multiplicity of 3; –2 and 4 to the
multiplicity of 5.
Learning Task1. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Otherwise,
FALSE.
1. f(x) = x2 – 5x4 – 4x3 – is an example of a polynomial function.
2. Given f(x)= 3x3 + 2x2 – x – 1; f(–1)= –1
3. The number of turning points of f(x)= 3x3 + 2x2 – x – 1 is 2.
4. One of the roots of the polynomial function f(x) = (2x + 3)(x – 1)(x – 4) is – 3/2.
5. Given f(x)= x2 (x+3)(x+1)4 (x – 1)3, it has 10 zeroes and one of its zeroes is – 1 to the multiplicity of 4.
6. If f(x)= xn defines a polynomial function, n should be any number except 0.
7. The degree of f(x)= 2x2 – x3 + x – 5 is 2.
8. Given f(x)= (x – 1)2 (x + 3), the number of its turning points is 3.
9. For a polynomial function of degree n, the function has at least n real zeroes.
10. Given a quartic function, the degree is 4 with at most 4 real zeroes and 4 turning points.
Learning Task2.
Identify the following in the given polynomial function.
f(x)= x(x – 2)3(3x + 2)(2x – 5)2
degree: _________
number of zeroes or real roots:____________
zeroes and its multiplicity: ___________
THANK
YOU
&
GOD
BLESS
