CHAPTER FOUR
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Lecturer Dr-Mohamed isak omar
Director-HALDOOR DIAGNOSTIC AND
TRAINING CENTER
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM consist of
The lungs and a series
air ways that connect
the lungs to the
external environment
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM classified functionally
two main types
Conducting portion
consisting of Air ways that deliver air to
the lungs
Respiratory portion
Consist of structures with the lungs in
which oxygen in the inspired air
exchanged for carbon di oxide in the
blood
AIR CONDUCTING
PORTION
1.AIR CONDUCTING PORTION
a. Nasal cavity, oral cavity
b. Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and
laryngopharynx
Larynx
c. Trachea
d. Bronchi
e. Bronchioles
f. Terminal bronchioles
These provide a passageway to and from lungs
These components also "condition" the inspired
air (i.e. moistens, removes particles and some
noxious gases, warms air)
RESPIRATORY PORTION
2. RESPIRATORY PORTION
a. respiratory bronchioles
b. alveolar ducts
C. Alveolar sacs
d. alveolar used for gas exchange
3. MUSCULOELASTIC VENTILATION
muscles, e.g. intercostals and diaphragm, used
for moving air in and out of the lungs.
Components of the
Upper Respiratory Tract
Components of the Lower
Respiratory Tract
Figure 10.3
The bronchioles
The bronchioles end in tiny balloon-
like air sacs called alveoli.
Your body has about 600 million
alveoli.
The alveoli are surrounded by a
mesh of tiny blood vessels called
capillaries.
Here, oxygen from inhaled air
alveoli
Human Respiratory
System
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
General Function
The fundamental purpose of the
respiratory system is to supply
oxygen
to the individual tissue cells and
to remove their gaseous waste
product, carbon dioxide.
Breathing
Breathing, or ventilation, refers
to the inhalation and exhalation
of air.
Air is a mixture of oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide and
other gases;
The pressure of these gases
gas exchanges
During gas exchange oxygen
moves from the lungs to the
bloodstream.
At the same time carbon dioxide
passes from the blood to the lungs.
This happens in the lungs between
the alveoli and a network of tiny
blood vessels called capillaries,
Structure and Function
The respiratory system performs
two major tasks:
•Exchanging air between the body
and the outside environment
known as external respiration
•Bringing oxygen to the cells and
removing carbon dioxide from
them referred to as internal
respiration
14
Structure and Function
of Respiratory
Pathways
The Nasal Cavities
Air makes its initial entrance into the body through the
openings in the nose called the nostrils
the nostrils, are the two spaces known as the nasal
cavities.
These two spaces are separated from each other by a
partition, called the nasal septum.
Tiny hair follicles that cover the interior lining of
nostrils act as the body’s first line of defense against
foreign pathogens
The Pharynx
The Pharynx
The muscular pharynx (throat) carries air into
the respiratory tract and foods and liquids into
the digestive system. The upper portion
located immediately behind the nasal cavity is
called the nasopharynx , the middle section
located behind the mouth is called the
oropharynx, and the lowest portion is called
the laryngeal pharynx. This last section opens
into the larynx toward the front and into the
esophagus toward the back
The Larynx
The Larynx
The larynx (voice box) is located
between the pharynx and the trachea.
It has a framework of cartilage that
protect the front of the neck and
sometimes is referred to as the Adam’s
apple. The larynx is considerably larger
in the male than in the female; hence,
the Adam’s apple is much more
prominent in the male. At the upper end
of the larynx are the vocal cords, which
Cont..
The Larynx
The space between these two
vocal cords is called the glottis,
and the little leaf-shaped cartilage
that covers the larynx during
swallowing is called the epiglottis.
The epiglottis helps keep food out
of the remainder of the respiratory
tract.
The epiglottis, a movable flap of
cartilage that covers the opening to the
larynx (voice box) prevents food from
entering the larynx during swallowing.
Occasionally, a person may swallow and inhale
at the same time so some food may enter the
larynx and choking occurs.
A technique called the Heimlich maneuver has
saved many people from choking to death.
Trachea
The Trachea (Windpipe)
The trachea is a tube that extends
from the lower edge of the larynx
The trachea is a 10cm long and
with 2.5cm diameter tube. Its
function is air conduction to the
upper part of the chest above the
heart
Bronchi and Bronchioles
The Bronchi and Bronchioles
The trachea is divides into two bronchi
which
enter the lungs.
The right bronchus is considerably
larger in diameter than the left and
extends downward in a more vertical
direction.
Therefore, if a foreign body is inhaled, it
is likely to enter the right lung.
Lungs
The Lungs
The lungs are the major organs of the
respiratory system, and are divided into
sections, or lobes.
The right lung has three lobes and is slightly
larger than the left lung, which has two lobes.
The lungs are separated by the mediastinum.
This area contains the heart, trachea,
esophagus, and many lymph nodes.
The Lung Cavities
The Lung Cavities
. Each lung is enveloped in a double
sac
of serous membrane called the
pleura.
The portion of the pleura that is
attached to the chest wall is called
parietal pleura,
Physiology of Respiration
Physiology of Respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation
Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the
lungs, as in breathing. There are two phases of
ventilation:
1. Inhalation is the drawing of air into the lungs.
2. Exhalation is the expulsion of air from the lungs
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