Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular System
Composition: Blood Blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries Heart

Function: To transport substances around the body.

Blood Vessels

Capillary

Arteries
Carry blood away from heart to organs Carry blood under high blood pressure Thick muscular walls and round lumen Blood high in O2 and low in CO2 and H2O Large elastic arteries close to heart help intermittent flow from ventricles become a continuous flow through the circulation

Veins

Carry blood to heart from the organs Carry blood under low blood pressure Thin muscular walls and Oval lumen Blood low in O2 and high in CO2 and H2O In limbs, contain valves at reg. intervals and are sandwiched between muscle groups to help blood travel against gravity.

Valves in Veins

Capillaries

Capillaries
Connect arteries to veins Arterioles and capillaries cause drop in pressure due to overcoming the friction of blood passing through them. Thin walls formed from a single layer of epithelium cells Deliver protein-free plasma filtrate high in O2 to cells and collect CO2 and H2O

Major Blood Vessels

Jugular Veins Superior Vena Cava Pulmonary Artery Inferior Vena Cava Hepatic Vein Hepatic Portal Vein

Aorta

Carotid Arteries Pulmonary Veins

Hepatic Artery Mesentric Arteries Renal Arteries

Renal Veins
Illiac Veins Illiac Arteries

Circulation of Blood
Each organ has an arterial and venous blood supply. Arterial supply brings blood to the organ. Venous supply drains blood away. Capillaries link the two supplies.

Circulation

The Heart
Function is to pump the blood around the body i.e. Circulation. Structure
4 Chambers Valves 4 major blood vessels Coronary arteries and cardiac veins

External view of the heart

superior vena cava aorta pulmonary vein right atrium inferior vena cava pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein
coronary artery left ventricle

right ventricle

The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
superior vena cava (transports blood from the head)

HRCS 3.2

inferior vena cava (transports blood from rest of body)

The right atrium collects deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the right ventricle

right atrium

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

right ventricle

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Pulmonary artery

The septum separates the left and right sides of the heart

septum

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Pulmonary veins

The left atrium collects the oxygenated blood and pumps it to the left ventricle

Left atrium

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

HRCS 3.2

Left ventricle

The aorta carries the oxygenated from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
Aortic arch Aorta

HRCS 3.2

Atrio-ventricular valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract

Tricuspid valves

Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

Tendon

The semi-lunar valves prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles

Pulmonary semi-lunar valve

Aortic semi-lunar valve

The heart also needs its own blood vessels coronary arteries and cardiac veins. They supply the heart muscle with oxygen so that the muscle cells can respire. And remove waste carbon dioxide. A blockage of these arteries leads to myocardial infarction (heart attack) because the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen and so dies.

Blood travels through the heart twice before returning to the body
Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation

The double circulatory system

The cardiac cycle

The events taking place in the heart during one heartbeat.

Control of the Cardiac Cycle

Myogenic Cardiac muscle can contract on its own, without needing nerve impulses. Sinoatrial Node (SAN) Initiates contractions within the heart in the right atrium. Acts as a clock, contracts spontaneously and rhythmically approx once a second, even when surgically removed from the heart.

HRCS 3.2

Cardiac Control Centre

Heart rate is regulated by the cardiac control centre found in the medulla oblongata of the brain. The cardiac control centre is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. This system consists of sensory and motor nerves from either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nerves increase heart rate Parasympathetic nerves decrease heart rate. The cardiac control centre initiates either sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves to stimulate the sino-atrial node to increase or decrease heart rate. There are three main factors which affect the activity of the cardiac control centre. They are neural, hormonal and intrinsic.

 Neural control During exercise sensory receptors stimulate the cardiac control centre. These receptors include: Proprio-receptors which sense that movement has increased. chemoreceptors which sense changes in chemicals in the muscles and blood. These changes include increased levels of carbon dioxide and lactic acid and increased acidity in the blood. baroreceptors which are sensitive to stretch within within the blood vessel walls. These detect increased blood pressure. The cardiac control centre responds to this information by stimulating the sino-atrial node via the sympathetic cardiac accelerator nerve to increase heart rate.

Hormonal control Before and during exercise adrenalin is released in the blood. This stimulates the sino-atrial node to increase heart rate. Intrinsic control During exercise temperature increases which increases the speed of nerve impulses which in turn increases heart rate. Venous return increases heart rate which directly increases End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) and therefore stroke volume (Starlings Law).

Calculating The Length Of The Cardiac Cycle

How long do all the events taking place in the heart during one heartbeat take? Need to know the Heart rate (bpm) = 70 and the number of seconds in a minute. 1 beat (or a cardiac cycle) = 60 / 70 = 0.8 seconds. The higher the heart rate, the shorter the cardiac cycle.
This is only true until a limit is reached when the heart would not have time to fill between successive cycles.
Systole contraction Diastole - relaxation

Composition of blood

Red Blood Cells

Also known Erythrocytes Most common cell in the blood Structure:
Have an elastic membrane
Important to allow transport through small capillaries

No nucleus
Provides large surface area to be exposed to Oxygen

Contain the chemical haemoglobin

Gives the red colour Contains iron Carries the oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin

Cant divide limited lifespan of around 120 days Made in the bone marrow

White Blood Cells

Also called Leukocytes Compared to erythrocytes:
Large Have a nucleus Less of them

Several types:

White Blood Cells - Granulocytes

Most numerous of white cells Contain granules in cytoplasm Have lobed nucleus Can change shape to engulf foreign particles and micro-organisms (Phagocytosis) Part of the immune system fighting infection Made in the bone marrow

White Blood Cells - Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes
Round nucleus Clear cytoplasm Produce antibodies that attach to antigens on microbes and toxins, neutralising them or preventing microbes from multiplying. Part of the immune system fighting infection. Made in lymphoid tissues

White Blood Cells - Monocytes

Monocytes
Larger than lymphocytes Large round nucleus Clear cytoplasm Phagocytosis Can move into tissues Made in bone marrow

Platelets
Also known as Thrombocytes
Not true cells fragments of cells Involved in blood clotting

Plasma
Straw-coloured Mainly water Carries dissolved substances
E.g. nutrients and gases and plasma proteins.
Plasma proteins are involved in clotting, transport,

defence and osmotic (water) regulation.

Carries cells

Composition of blood
Can you identify the different components of the blood?

Functions of blood

Functions of the blood

Oxygen is carried in the red cells Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma

The Lungs

Functions of the blood

digested foods are carried in the plasma

The digestive system

Functions of the blood

Transports waste

substances such as Urea

in the plasma

A kidney

Functions of the blood

Transports Hormones in the plasma.

Sites of Hormone production and action

Functions of the blood

Transports Leukocytes to

fight infection.

Erythrocytes and Leukocytes.

Functions of the blood

Transports heat.

A Flame

Cardiac Output

Calculating Cardiac Output

STROKE VOLUME (SV) - volume of blood ejected from the heart when the ventricles contract (at rest = 70 cm3) HEART RATE (HR) the number of (ventricle) contractions in one minute (at rest = 70bpm) CARDIAC OUTPUT (Q) volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (at rest = 5Litres)

Q = HR X SV

Calculating Cardiac Output

Measuring Stroke Volume Cardiac catheterization is where the cardiac output can be directly measured with a catheter in the heart. Stroke volume can then be back calculated from this. Sometimes, the stroke volume can be estimated with an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart), but those measurements are often inaccurate.

Case Study Cheryl and Louis

1. Cheryl trains every day by doing cross country. She has a stroke volume of 95cm3 and a resting heart rate of 62bpm. Calculate her cardiac output. 2. Louis enjoys playing computer games. His stroke volume is 72cm3 and his resting heart rate is 72bpm. Calculate his cardiac output. 3. Explain the figures in light of their different lifestyles. 4. Explain how exercise benefits the cardiovascular system.

Blood Pressure
The force blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels it is passing. Measured using a sphygmomanometer (sphygmo pronounced sfigmo). Systolic bp corresponds to ventricles contracting. Diastolic bp corresponds to ventricles relaxed and filling. Written as systolic/diastolic e.g. 120/80 mm Hg BP is highest in blood vessels nearer the heart.

Blood Pressure
Normal Blood Pressure - Blood pressure reading below 120/80 is considered normal.

High Blood Pressure - Blood pressure of 140/90 or higher is considered high blood pressure (hypertension). If one or both numbers are usually high, you have high blood pressure.
Low Blood Pressure Blood pressure of 90/60 is considered low blood pressure. Blood pressure that is too low is known as hypotension. The similarity in pronunciation with hypotension and hypertension can cause confusion.

Blood Pressure
Normal Blood Pressure Range
Systolic pressure (mm Hg) 130 120 110 Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) 85 80 75 Pressure Range High Normal Blood Pressure Normal Blood Pressure Low Normal Blood PressureHigh

High Blood Pressure Range

Systolic pressure (mm Hg) 210 180 160 140 Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) 120 110 100 90 Stages of High Blood Pressure Stage 4 Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 1

Low Blood Pressure Range

Systolic pressure (mm Hg) 90 60 50 Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) 60 40 33 Pressure Range Borderline Low blood Pressure Too Low Blood Pressure Dangerously Low Blood Pressure

Case Study Paul

Paul fainted in an overcrowded stadium on a hot day. He had to stand for a very long time. As the event had lasted a few hours, he had suffered from a lack of circulating blood to his brain, which had caused him to faint. His muscles were inactive for a lengthy period, the vlood had pooled in his leg veins, and he had also lost a lot of body water through sweating. 1. Can you suggest a way of avoiding fainting in these circumstances? 2. Describe the effect on Pauls legs. 3. Why is fainting an effective way of managing a lack of circulating blood to the brain?

Finish