Raymond A.

Serway
Chris Vuille

Chapter Five
Work and Energy
PART II
12/04/2024
 Kinetic Energy
• Energy associated with the motion of an
object of mass m moving with a speed v
•
• Scalar quantity with the same units as work
• Work is related to kinetic energy

Section 5.2
 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
Consider a constant net external force acting on an object.

The object is displaced a distance s, in the same direction as

the net force.

F

The work is simply W  F s ma s

 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

W mas  m v  v  mv  mv
1
2
 2
f
2
o  1
2
2
f
1
2
2
o

v 2f vo2  2ax 
ax   12 v 2f  vo2 
 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

When a net external force does work on and object, the kinetic
energy of the object changes according to

2 2
W KE f  KE o  mv  mv 1
2 f
1
2 o
 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
• When work is done by a net force on an object and
the only change in the object is its speed, the work
done is equal to the change in the object’s kinetic
energy
•
– Speed will increase if the net work is positive
– Speed will decrease if the net work is negative

Section 5.2
 Example 4
Example
The mass of the space probe is 474 kg and its initial velocity is 275 m/s.
If the 56 mN force acts on the probe through a displacement of
2.42×109m, what is its final speed?
 Example 4, cont.
2 2
W KE f  KE o  mv  mv 1
2 f
1
2 o
2 2
W  mv  mv
1
2 f
1
2 o


W   F cos  s
 Fcos s  1
2 mvf2  12 mvo2
5.60 10 N cos 0 2.42 10 m  474 kgv  474 kg275 m s
-2  9 1
2
2
f
1
2
2

v f 805 m s
 Types of Forces
• There are two general kinds of forces
– Conservative
• Work and energy associated with the force can be
recovered
– Nonconservative
• The forces are generally dissipative and work done
against it cannot easily be recovered

Section 5.2
 Conservative Forces
• A force is conservative if the work it does on an
object moving between two points is independent of
the path the objects take between the points
– The work depends only upon the initial and final positions
of the object
– Any conservative force can have a potential energy
function associated with it

Section 5.2
 More About Conservative Forces
• Examples of conservative forces include:
– Gravity
– Spring force
– Electromagnetic forces
• Potential energy is another way of looking at
the work done by conservative forces

Section 5.2
 Nonconservative Forces
• A force is nonconservative if the work it does
on an object depends on the path taken by
the object between its final and starting
points.
• Examples of nonconservative forces
– Static and Kinetic friction, air drag (resistance),
applied forces, normal force
W F cos  s  f k cos180 s  f k s


The work done by the kinetic frictional force is always negative.

Thus, it is impossible for the work it does on an object that
moves around a closed path to be zero.
 Work-Energy Theorem Revisited
• The theorem can be expressed in terms of the
work done by both conservative forces, Wc,
and nonconservative forces, Wnc

Section 5.2
 Work-Energy Theorem Revisited
• The theorem can be expressed in terms of the
work done by both conservative forces, Wc,
and nonconservative forces, Wnc
• Wc + Wnc = ΔKE

Section 5.2
 Gravitational Potential Energy
• Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy
associated with the relative position of an
object in space near the Earth’s surface
– Objects interact with the earth through the
gravitational force
– Actually the potential energy is for the earth-
object system

Section 5.3
 Work and Gravitational Potential Energy

• PE = mgy
•
• Units of Potential
Energy are the same as
those of Work and
Kinetic Energy
– Joule (J)

Section 5.3
Work and Gravitational Potential Energy

Section 5.3
 Work and Gravitational Potential Energy

W F cos  s

Wgravity mg ho  h f 

 Example 5
The gymnast leaves the trampoline at an initial height of 1.20 m
and reaches a maximum height of 4.80 m before falling back
down. What was the initial speed of the gymnast?
 Example 5, cont.

W  12 mvf2  12 mvo2
mg ho  h f   12 mvo2
Wgravity mg ho  h f 

vo   2 g ho  h f 

 
vo   2 9.80 m s 2 1.20 m  4.80 m  8.40 m s
 Definition of Gravitational PE
Wgravity mgho  mgh f

DEFINITION OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

The gravitational potential energy PE is the energy that an

object of mass m has by virtue of its position relative to the
surface of the earth. That position is measured by the height
h of the object relative to an arbitrary zero level:

PE mgh
 Work-Energy Theorem, Extended
In normal situations both conservative and nonconservative
forces act simultaneously on an object, so the work done by
the net external force can be written as

W Wc  Wnc

W KE f  KE o KE
Wc Wgravity mgho  mgh f PE o  PE f  PE
The concept of potential energy is not defined for a
nonconservative force.
 Work-Energy Theorem, Extended
W Wc  Wnc

KE  PE  Wnc

THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

Wnc KE  PE

• If other conservative forces are present, potential

energy functions can be developed for them and
their change in that potential energy added to the
right side of the equation
 Reference Levels for Gravitational Potential
Energy
• A location where the gravitational potential energy is
zero must be chosen for each problem
– The choice is arbitrary since the change in the potential
energy is the important quantity
– Once the position is chosen, it must remain fixed for the
entire problem
– Choose a convenient location for the zero reference height
• Often the Earth’s surface
• May be some other point suggested by the problem

Section 5.3
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• Conservation in general
– To say a physical quantity is conserved is to say that the
numerical value of the quantity remains constant
throughout any physical process, although the quantities
may change form
• In Conservation of Energy, the total mechanical
energy remains constant
– In any isolated system of objects interacting only through
conservative forces, the total mechanical energy of the
system remains constant.

Section 5.3
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Wnc KE  PE KE f  KE o  PE f  PE o 

Wnc KE f  PE f  KE o  PE o 

Wnc E f  E o

If the net work on an object by nonconservative forces

is zero, then its energy does not change:

E f E o
Conservation of Mechanical Energy

THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF

MECHANICAL ENERGY

The total mechanical energy (E = KE + PE) of an

object remains constant as the object moves,
provided that the net work done by external
nonconservative forces is zero.
Example
 Example 6
A motorcyclist is trying to leap across the canyon by driving
horizontally off a cliff 38.0 m/s. Ignoring air resistance, find
the speed with which the cycle strikes the ground on the other
side.
 Example 6, cont.
E f E o
2 2
mgh f  mv mgho  mv
1
2 f
1
2 o

gh f  12 v 2f  gho  12 vo2

vf  2 g h o  hf  v
2
o

 
v f  2 9.8 m s 35.0m  38.0 m s  46.2 m s
2 2
Work-Energy With Nonconservative Forces

• If nonconservative forces are present, then

the full Work-Energy Theorem must be used
instead of the equation for Conservation of
Energy
– Do not include both work done by gravity and
gravitation potential energy
• Often techniques from previous chapters will
need to be employed

Section 5.3
 Nonconservative Forces with Energy
Considerations
• When nonconservative forces are present, the total
mechanical energy of the system is not constant
• The work done by all nonconservative forces acting
on parts of a system equals the change in the
mechanical energy of the system
–

Section 5.5
 Nonconservative Forces and Energy
• In equation form:

• The energy can either cross a boundary or the energy is

transformed into a form of non-mechanical energy such
as thermal energy
– If positive work is done on the system, energy is transferred
from the environment to the system
– If negative work is done on the system, energy is transferred
from the system to the environment

Section 5.5
 Example 7
Assuming that the nonconservative force
generated by the burning propellant does
425 J of work, what is the final speed
of the rocket. Ignore air resistance. (m=0.2kg)


Wnc  mgh f  12 mv 2f  
mgh o  mv1
2
2
o 
 Example 7, cont.
2 2
Wnc mgh f  mgho  mv  mv
1
2 f
1
2 o

Wnc mg h f  ho  12 mv 2f

 
425 J 0.20 kg  9.80 m s 2 29.0 m 
 12 0.20 kg v 2f

v f 61 m s