Intro to Networking
Next Generation Networks
Faisal Shahzad
Bahria University
Diagrams used in these lectures are property of
respective owners.
Remember………..
“The more you understand, the
less you have to remember.”
Craig A. McCraw
“Develop a passion for learning.
If you do, you'll never cease
to grow.”
Anthony J. D'Angelo
Topi
cs
• Current Trend in Networks
• Background
• Circuit vs Packet Switching
• The OSI reference model and the architecture of
the internet
• TCP/IP Architecture
• The need for reliable communication
Backgrou
nd
• 20th Century’s biggest invention – Computers
• Ability to gather, process and distribute info
• Need
• Remote access
• Right information at the right time – delay sensitive
• Computer industry is new but progressing fast
• Initially computer systems were isolated
• Computer networks are evolving at a rapid pace
• Distributed Systems, Storage and Computing
• Cloud is the new NORMAL!
What is a
network?
More than one computers/network devices/databases
connected together using communication lines.
What is a
network?
1. Computing devices connected to each other using physical
or virtual links for sharing of information and resources
2. Provides access to resources on other devices (i.e., Printer)
3. Can be wired or wireless and virtual
4. Wired networks
1. Connected through physical wires, routers and switches
1. PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) i.e.,
PTCL
2. Cable TV
5. Wireless Networks
1. Connected using a wireless medium
2. Communication takes place using radio
waves or other communication protocols
1. Mobile Networks (i.e., Ufone, Mobilink
etc)
2. Wireless Local Area Networks (i.e.,WiFi,
What is a
network?
5. Virtual networks
1. Connected through virtual interfaces
and wires
2. Use virtual networking components
3. Run on physical infrastructure
1. Single machine or multiple
machines
Virtual
networks VM
C
This is your Virtual
S S
Network Controlled by
SDN Controller
S S VM
S
Network Virtualization Platform
Mininet
LINUX WINDOWS LINUX
Hypervisor Virtual Switch
Hypervisor
OS
Hardware (Computer / laptop / Server) Hardware
Type II Type I
A Software Defined Network /
Datacenter
Also a Virtual Network
Controller
vS
OpenFlow
VM
VM
A tenant is an isolated
space
A customers’ view of the Network
vS
No penetration!
VM VM
Isolated mean it works as a
separate, secure space which
can only be accesses by the Tenant / Container
customer
A Protocol is a seq of
msgs! Initiate / Send-
Rcv / Terminate
• Sequence of messages that are exchanged
between participating nodes for performing a task
• Much like morning greeting
Connection request
Reply / Ack.
client server
Request for webpage
Page information
Disconnection request
Ack.
the
Internet
• A network of networks
• Enables communication at large
distances
• Represented as a cloud
• Every device has a unique public IP to
be a part of the internet
• Data reaches its destination after
passing through many networks
• Number of devices that a packet needs
to pass to reach its destination is called
the ‘hop-count’ Each computer on the Internet
cloud
The idea behind a Client-Server
Architecture
• Large number of computers working in an isolated
fashion from each other is of no use
• Need for centralized services
• Server accepts requests
• Fulfills themSends a response to the client
• Waits for more requests
• Example: email client requesting for new emails from the server
Circuit Switched
Networks
• Service is like a telephone call
• Pickup the phone
• Dial a number
• Talk
• Hang up
• A designated path is necessary for transmission of information
from sender to receiver
• All packets travel from the same path
• Path is decided before the transmission starts
Packet Switched
Networks
• Like a postal network
• Different parcels may use different routes until they reach their
destination
• A designated path is not necessary for transmission of
information from sender to receiver
• Packets may be routed through different paths
• The Quality of Service (QoS) defining how good or bad a
service is. (i.e., which one looses data)
Internetworking
Protocols (1)
• The idea of internetworking provides basic guidelines for
communication in networks
• Gateways are used due to incompatibility of participating
networks
• Low-level details are kept hidden from the top-level
applications
• Divided into Layers
• Each layer communicates to the corresponding similar layer on
both machines (i.e., sender and receiver)
Internetworking
Exampls Issues relating to heterogeneity
Internetworking
Protocols (2)
• Layers and Protocols combine to form a network
architecture
• Two presidents want to communicate but don’t
know each others language.
• How will they communicate?
Internetworking
Protocols (3)
President of Turkey President of Pakistan
Layer 3
Translator Translator
(Turkish to English) (English to Urdu)
Layer 2
Layer 1
The OSI reference
model (0)
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
The OSI reference
model (1)
Application
• Application Layer Presentation
• Provides
• Access to the information Session
on the network
• Interface Transport
• Applications that use
HTTP, SMTP, Telnet use Network
this layer
Data Link
Physical
The OSI reference
model (2)
Application
• Presentation Layer Presentation
• Provides
• Data encoding, decoding, Session
encryption, compression
• Data in presentable format Transport
to the application
• Conversion from and to Network
ASCII/EBCDIC, big endian /
little endian Data Link
Physical
The OSI reference
model (3)
Application
• Session Layer Presentation
• Provides
• Maintains sessions i.e., Session
login/logout
• Starts and terminates Transport
connections
Network
Data Link
Physical
The OSI reference
model (4)
Application
• Transport Layer Presentation
• TCP / UDP
• Provides Session
• End-to-end delivery of
data assurance Transport
• Virtual Circuits
management Network
• Services like point-to-
point & datagram Data Link
• Flow control
• Info about output port for Physical
messages
Data-transfer overview
(TCP)
How does the ‘sender’ decide what amount of data to transmit?
process application layer application layer process
A B
write read
buffer for outgoing data buffer for incoming data
… port P … … port Q …
TCP transport layer
transport layer TCP
to the IP layer data link from the IP layer
Source: http://www.cs.usfca.edu/~cruse
Recall the TCP
Header
32-bits
source port address destination port address
sequence number
acknowledgment number
U A P R S F
Header
reserved I window size
R C S S Y
Length N
G K H T N
checksum urgent pointer
options and padding …
Source: http://www.cs.usfca.edu/~cruse
The OSI reference
model (5)
Application
• Network Layer Presentation
• Provides
• IP, Addressing, Sub netting Session
• Best path routing
• Static / Dynamic Transport
• Intra-AS / Inter-AS Routing
• Control for traffic in Network
subnets
• Billing mechanism Data Link
• IP, ARP, RARP, OSPF etc
Physical
The OSI reference
model (6)
Application
• Data Link Layer Presentation
• Provides
• Access to media Session
• Direct link control
• Physical addressing Transport
• Error handling, flow control
• Break up of messages into Network
frames
• Sub layers Data Link
• LLC
• Logical Link Control
• MAC
Physical
• Media Access Control
What is Multiple
Access?
• More than one node trying to transmit data over a shared channel
Characteristics:
• If one node wants to transmit transmits at R bps
• If M nodes want to transmit transmit at R/M bps
• Time multiplexed
• No one node can bring down the system
• Protocol is simple and inexpensive to implement
Ethernet
Hub
Switch / Collision
Domain
Bridge/
Switch
The OSI reference
model (7)
Application
• Physical Layer Presentation
• Provides
• Binary transmission Session
• Wires, connections,
voltage, data rate etc Transport
• 10BASET, 100BASET,
1000BASET, Optical Fiber Network
Cable etc
Data Link
Physical
Data as it passes
through layers
DATA UNIT LAYER
Application Receiver
Sender
Data Presentation
Session
Segments Transport
Packets Network
Frames Data Link
Bits Physical
Each layer at the sender communicates to the corresponding layer at the
destination
Layers communicate to
corresponding layers
OSI vs
TCP/IP (1)
TCP/IP OSI
Application
Browser Application Presentation
Session
Port 80 Transport Transport
IP Address Internet Network
Network Data Link
Access
Access
Physical
Wired/Wireless
OSI vs
TCP/IP (2)
• OSI
• Developed in the 1980s by ISO to standardize the
industry & structure its development
• Not as successful as anticipated
• No need for Session / Presentation layer
• TCP/IP
• Origins date back to the 1950s
• Protocols developed first, model developed
subsequently
• Basis of the Internet, standard since 1983
• Widely adopted
Connection between
hosts
• Each protocol and device is specified at a particular layer,
and it only operates at that layer
• Example,
• Router is a layer 3 device
• Switch is a layer 2 device
Networking
Review
1. OSI 1. Routing 1. ICMP
Model
2. TCP/IP 2. 2. CIDR
Model
3. SMTP Switching
3. MAC 3. RIP
4. FTP 4. Topolo 4. OSPF
5. TELNE gy 5. BGP
T 5. Bus 6. ARP
7. Socket
6. 6. DNS 7. NAT
HTTP
8. Web 7. TCP 8. Unicast
Browser 8. UDP 9.IGMP
9. Client
10. IP – 9. 802.11
10.Multica 10.DHCP
Server
Address st 11.Access
11.Router 11.Switch Point
A Quick Quiz
Activity
