Plant Organ
System and
their
functions.
Melvin P. Aguilar, LPT
Plant Organ
System and
their
functions.
Melvin P. Aguilar, LPT
Introduction
There are more than 350 thousand
species of known plants and more
is to be discovered and named in
the next years. Their fascinating
INTRODUCTION
morphology and their ability to
regulate and maintain homeostasis
is studied by botanists. In this
module, you will learn the different
plant systems that function
together to maintain the plant's
internal conditions.
OBJECTIVES
Describe plant systems in terms of reproduction,
01
development, nutrition, gas exchange, and
transport
Describe examples of homeostasis and the
02
major features of feedback loops that produce
such homeostasis.
Explain how organisms maintain steadily
03
internal conditions from specialized structures
and processes.
FEATURES OF THE
Plant form and
TOPIC
function Plant Nutrition
Plant Hormones,
Plant Growth and
Responses and
Development Feedback mechanism
Transport System
in plants Plant Reproduction
Major Plant
Parts
• Roots
• Stems
INTRODUCTION
• Leaves
• Flowers
System
• System – a group
of tissues and
organs that
perform specific
functions
System
• Shoot System –
supports the plant,
performs
photosynthesis, and
transport the sap.
• Root system- takes in
water and nutrients
from the soil and
transports them to the
shoot system.
Roots
• Absorb water and
nutrients
• Anchor the plant and
support the above
ground part of the
plant.
• Store food
Root system
• Fibrous root- a
system that has no
primary dominant
root
• Tap root- a system
composed of one
primary root and
many secondary
roots that branch
off.
Tap Root Fibrous Root
CONCEPTS
WHAT IS THIS TOPIC ABOUT?
Primary Root- the
first root to emerge
at germination, May
become the main
tap root
Secondary Roots- Apical meristem-
roots that area at the tip of
branched out form the root where
the primary root. new cells develop.
Stems • Support the leaves and
position them so they can
receive as much sunlight as
possible
• Responsible for the size and
shape of the plant.
• Move water, minerals, and
manufactured food
throughout the plants.
• Green stems produce food
through photosynthesis.
Stems
Stems
• Internal Structure
• Xylem- Tissue responsible
for carrying water and
nutrients from the roots
to leaves. It is located
near the center of the
stem.
• Xylem Up!!!!
Xylem
Stems
• Internal Structure
• Phloem- Tissue
responsible for carrying
food produced in the
leaf to the rest of the
plant. The phloem is
usually located near the
outside of the stem
Stems
• Internal Structure
• Cambium- responsible
for the production of
new xylem and phloem.
It is found between the
xylem and phloem.
Stems
Under the
Microscope
Stems
Specialized Stem
• Bulbs- Short flattened
stems which has several
fleshy leaves. Bulbs are
found beneath the soil.
• E.g. Onions
Bulbs
Stems
Specialized Stem
• Corm- Spherical
structure similar to a
bulb.
• E.g. Gladiolus
Corm
Stems
Specialized Stem
• Rhizomes- Thick
underground stem
which lies horizontally
• E.g. Ginger
Rhizomes
Stems
Specialized Stem
• Stolon- Horizontal
stems which lies above
the ground, often called
runners.
• E.g. Strawberry runners
Stolon
Stems
Specialized Stem
• Tuber- Rhizome that is
swollen with stored
food.
• E.g. Potatoes
Tubers
Leaves
• Produce food for the
plants. They are
designed to efficiently
collect light and use
that light to make
energy.
Leaf parts
Leaf Blade- Large, broad, flat surface whose
job is to collect sunlight
Petiole- Supports the leaf and holds it away
from the stem
Midrib- Main vain running down the center
of the leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is
always facing the sun.
Leaf type
Vein Patterns
Leaf Layers
Cuticle- The top waxy, non-cellular
part of the leaf. Its job is to prevent
water from escaping.
Epidermis- Skin layer of cells found
on both top and bottom of the leaf.
Its job is to protect the leaf.
Leaf Layers
Palisade mesophyll- a layer of cells
standing on end directly below the
upper epidermis. This area is
responsible
Spongy for photosynthesis.
Mesophyll- Loosely packed
cells located beneath the palisade
mesophyll. This area is responsible
for holding the products of
Photosynthesis
Leaf Layers
Stomata- Holes in the lower
epidermis, responsible for gas
exchange
Guard cells- Surround the stomata
which open and close them.
Leaf Layers
Flowers
• Stamen- Male
part of a
flower
• Pistil- Female
part of a
flower
Stamen
• Filament- stalk like in the
stamen that holds up the
anther
• Anther- sack-like structures
that contain the pollen
• Pollen grains are released
from the anther that
contains the sperm
• Staminate- Flowers that
have only male parts
Pistil
• Stigma- sticky part of the pistil that is
receptive to the pollen.
• Style- Rod shaped middle part that has
a swollen base (ovary) containing eggs.
• Petals- colorful leaf life structure
• Corolla- When all the petals are fused
together
• Sepals- green leaves that protect the
flower before it opens.
• Calyx- when all the sepals are fused
together
Flowers
Sexual reproduction in Plants
• - Stamen releases pollens.
• - Pollens are carried by winds, gravity,
animals or insects to the stigma of
another flower.
• -The pollen moves from the stigma
down to the pollen tube
• -The style deposits the sperm to the
ovary
• -Fertilization occurs
• -The ovary and the surrounding part will
become fruit
• The fertilized eggs become seeds.
Sexual reproduction in
Plants
Flower Types
• Perfect flowers- Has both male and
female parts
• Imperfect flower- A flower that is
missing either the male or female part.
• Complete Flower- Flowers that have
sepals, petals, pistil and stamen
• Incomplete flower- When flower is
missing sepals, petals, pistil or stamen
Flower Types
• Imperfect flowers are
always incomplete,
Incomplete flowers may
or may not be imperfect
Plant Nutrition
• Light
• Water
• Air
• Temperature
Growth Regulators- Plant hormones- Naturally
produced by the plants
• Auxins- Growth hormones produced by
the apical meristem. They encourage
height growth and discourage lateral
growth.
• Cytokinins- produced in roots and
seeds. Responsible for cell division and
differentiation.
• Ethylene- Produced by ripening fruits,
it stimulates ripening and flowering
Growth Regulators
• Gibberellins- produced in
stem, roots and young
leaves. They are responsible
for intermodal elongation
• Abscisic Acid- Found in
seeds. A hormone that
inhibits growth.
Growth Regulators-Commercial Uses
• A-rest, B-Nine, Cycocel, Florel- Used
on poinsettias, easter lilies, and
Chrysanthemums to reduce size, to
make a shorter bushier, and more
attractive plant
• Rootone and Hormodine- Use to help
plants root more quickly
Plant
Classification
Non- Flowering Flowering
Ferns Monocots
Conifers Dicots
Non-
Flowering
Ferns
Conifers
Thank You!
THANKS
Credits
CREDITS
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