Let’s
stud
MATHEMATICA y!
L SYSTEM
Hello
Grade 8
Quarter 3 Week 1
EUCLID: Father of Geometry Star
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Star
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PRAYER
OBJECTIV
Illustrates the need for
Eaxiomatic structure of a
mathematical system in
general, and in Geometry
in particular: (a) defined
terms (b) undefined
terms (c) postulates; and
(d) theorems.
MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM
UNDEFINED DEFINED AXIOMS/ THEOREMS
TERMS TERMS POSTULATES
mor mor mor mor
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UNDEFINED TERMS
• In geometry, we come across with
terms which cannot be precisely
defined. In modern mathematics, we
do accept certain undefined terms by
description.
• Examples: Point, Line, Plane
Let’s Try!
Tell whether each of the following represents a point, line or a plane.
1.Stars in the sky
2.Curtain Rod
3.Cartolina
4.A clothesline
5.Top of the box
6.Page of a book
7.A magic wand
8.Button
9.Mole
handkerchief
10.
DEFINED TERMS
• Unlike undefined terms (which do not
have a formal definition), these terms
have a formal definition. They are used
to define even more terms.
• Example: Collinear Points, Coplanar
points, Parallel lines, Perpendicular Lines
AXIOMS/ POSTULATES
A statement which is accepted as
true without a proof. These
statements can be used as
reasons in proving some
mathematical statements.
AXIOMS/ POSTULATES
• Postulate 1: Through any two points there is
exactly one line.
• Postulate 2: If two distinct lines intersect,
then they intersect in exactly one point.
• Postulate 3: If two distinct planes intersect,
then they intersect in exactly one line.
• Postulate 4: Through any three noncollinear
points there is exactly one plane. Points A, B
and C are non collinear
AXIOMS/ POSTULATES
Determine what postulate is to be used to
justify each of the following statements.
1. One plane contains points A, B and C.
2. Only one line contains points Q and T.
3. Plane G and plane H intersect along line
l.
THEOREMS
• A theorem is a statement that can be
proven. Once a theorem is proven, it
can also be used as a reason in
proving other statements.
Example: Triangle Inequality Theorem
Useful Geometric
Properties in Writing
Proofs
Betweenness
If A-B-C, then AB + BC = AC.
Midpoint
If A is the midpoint of BC, then AB =
AC
Segment Bisector
•If AB bisects PQ at B, then PB ≅
QB.
Right Angle
•If ∠A is a right angle, then m∠A =
90. Also, if ∠BAC is a right ∠, then
AB ⊥ AC.
Acute Angle
•If ∠A is an acute ∠, then m∠A <
90.
Perpendicular Line Segment
If AB ⊥ AC, then ∠BAC is a right
angle.
Complementary Angles
•If ∠A and ∠B are complementary
angles, then m∠A + m∠B = 90
Supplementary Angles
If ∠A and ∠B are supplementary
angles, then m∠A + m∠B = 180.
Linear Pair
If PQ and PR are opposite rays and
PT is any other ray, then ∠QPT and
∠TPR form a linear pair.
Angle Bisector
If ray AD bisects ∠BAC, then ∠BAD
≅ ∠DAC.
Congruent Segments
• If AB ≅ CD, then AB = CD
Or
• If AB = CD, then AB ≅ CD.
Congruent Angles
• If ∠A ≅ ∠B, then or m∠A = m∠B.
Or
• If m∠A = m∠B, then ∠A ≅ ∠B.
Useful Geometric
Properties in Writing
Proofs
The Supplement Postulate
(SP)
If two angles form a linear pair,
then they are supplementary.
Vertical Angle Theorem (VAT)
The measures of vertical angles are
equal or vertical angles are
congruent.
Angle Sum at a Point Postulate
(ASPP)
The sum of the measures of the
angles at a point is 360.
Complement Theorem (CT)
Complements of congruent angles
are congruent.
Supplement Theorem (ST)
Supplement of congruent angles
are congruent.
PCAC Postulate
If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then corresponding
angles are congruent.
PAIC Theorem
If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then alternate interior
angles are congruent.
PAEC Theorem
If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, the alternate exterior
angles are congruent.
PSSIAS Theorem
If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then same-side interior
angles are supplementary.
The Triangle Interior Angle
Theorem (TIAT)
The sum of the degree measures of
the angles of a triangle is 180.
The Third Angles Theorem
(TTAT)
If two angles of one triangle are
congruent to two angles of
another, then the third angles are
congruent.
The Exterior Angles Theorem
(EAT)
The measure of an exterior angle
of a triangle is equal to the sum of
the measures of its two remote
interior angles.
