Course Evaluation

• Attendance ………… 5%
• Assignment ……… 10%
• Test ……………… 15%
• Examination …… 70%
• Total ………. 100%
Every student in Engineering Technology
class is expected to:
• Attend all classes.
• Submit all assignments by the given
deadline
• All submissions either as individual or
group work must be a genuine contribution
of individual student.
 What is Engineering
• “Engineering is the application of science to the
common purpose of life” (Count Rumford)
• “Scientists study the world as it is, engineers
create the world that never has been” (Theodore
Von Karman)
engineering contents can be further broken down
into numerous details. Some of the following are
relevant in one way or the other:
• i. Engineering is an art
• ii. Engineering is an approximation
• iii. Engineering is measurement, estimation,
forecast and projection:
• iv. Engineering is about modeling and simulation
• v. Engineering is a communication, technical
report writing and presentation 3
 What is Technology?
• It's the application of scientific
knowledge to create tools, systems,
and solutions that make our lives
easier or more interesting.
• From the wheel to the internet,
technology encompasses a wide range
of innovations.
• It's the reason we can chat like this,
and it's behind everything from
smartphones to spaceships.
Essentially, it's the wizardry that turns
ideas into reality.
 Duties of Employers
• It shall be the duty of employer to ensure, so far
as reasonable practicable, the health, safety and
welfare at work of his entire employee. To do
this, the employer should provide;
• Healthy and safe plant and system maintained in
good order;
• Healthy and safe facilities for handling, storage
and transport of articles and substances.
• Healthy and safety information, instruction,
training and supervision.
• A healthy and safe working environment with
adequate facilities and arrangement for welfare.
 Duties of Employees
• According to the Health and safety at
work Act, it shall be the duty of every
employee while at work;

• To take reasonable care of the health

and safety of himself, other worker and
the general public.

• To co-operate with employer in

complying with the Act.
 Employee Health and Safety
• The term ‘health’ is a positive and
dynamic concept. In common parlance,
health implies absence of disease.
However, that industrial health implies
much more than mere absence of
disease.
• The World Health Organization (WHO)
has defined health as: “a state of
complete physical mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or illness or infirmity”.
 Employee Health and Safety
(contd.)
• There are two types of employee
health: physical health and mental
health.
• Physical Health: The physical health
refers to infirmity in the employee’s
health. Employee’s physical health and
his work are intimately related. While
an unhealthy employee works less both
quantitatively and qualitatively,
commits accidents, and remains absent
from work, a health employee produces
results opposite to these.
 Employee Health and Safety
(contd.)
• Mental Health: This refers to the
mental soundness of the employees. As
is physical health important for good
performance, so also is mental health.
Experience suggests that three factors,
namely, mental breakdowns, mental
disturbances, and mental illness impair
the mental health of employees.
 Importance of Health
• Maintain and improve the employee
performance both quantitatively and
qualitatively.
• Reduce employee absenteeism and turnover.
• Minimize industrial unrest and indiscipline.
• Improve employee morale and motivation.
 Occupational Hazards and Diseases
• Employees in certain industries are exposed to
certain occupational hazards and diseases.
Occupational hazards can be classified into the
following categories:
i. Chemical Hazardsii. Biological Hazards
iii. Environmental Hazards iii. Psychological Hazards
 Protection Against Hazards
• Industrial establishments can take two types
of measures to protect workers health against
occupation hazards:
i. Preventive Measures ii. Curative Measures
• Preventive Measures
• These are based on the philosophy that
preventive is better than cure. The preventive
measures to protect employee against
occupational health hazard these may include:
• Pre-employment medical examination.
• Periodic post-employment medical
examination.
 Protection Against Hazards
• Removal of hazardous conditions to the
extent possible.
• Emergency treatment in case of accidents.
• Education of workers in health and hygiene.
• Training in first-aid to workers.
• Proper factor layout and illumination.
• Proper effluent disposal treatment plants.
• Proper redesign of job to remove monotony
and fatigue.
• Proper scheduling of the work with adequate
rest.
 Protection Against Hazards
(contd.)
• Curative Measures
• The curative measures begin once a
worker actually suffers from ill-health
or sickness/ disease. The curative
measures include the following:
• Adequate and timely medical
treatment.
• Allowing the employee adequate period
of convalescing and recuperating.
• Adequate compensation
• Allowing the needed best medical
treatment from outside hospitals.
 Statutory Provision Concerning
Health
• The Factories Act. 1984 insists that the following
provision must be made in industrial
establishment for safeguarding employee health:
• Cleanliness. Every factory should be kept clean
and free effluvia arising from drain and privy
refuse dirt and such other nuisance.
• Disposal of Wastes and Effluents. Effective
measures should be taken in every factory for
disposal of wastes and effluents arising out of
manufacturing process.
• Ventilation and Temperature: Proper
provision should be made in every factory for
ensuring circulation of fresh air.
 Statutory Provision Concerning
Health
• Dust and Fumes: Effective and suitable
measures should be taken to prevent or at any
rate reduce the inhalation and accumulation of
dust and fumes.
• Lighting: Sufficient lighting, natural or artificial
or both, should be made available in every place
of factory where worker are working.
• Overcrowding: Effective arrangements should
be made to avoid overcrowding of workers at a
room.
• Drinking Water: Effective and adequate
arrangements should be made to provide
drinking water throughout the year at suitable
points conveniently situated for all workers.
 What is safety?
• Classical definition
Freedom from those conditions that can cause
death, injury, occupational illness, damage to
or loss of equipment or property, or damage to
the environment.

• Alternative definition
Safety = Managing complexity without going
crazy and ensuring completeness and
consistency.

• Safety culture is about ensuring that at every

step you ask “what could happen”.
 SAFETY COLOUR
Safety Color Meaning Examples of use

Red Stop Stop signs

Prohibition Emergency
prohibition

Yellow Caution Indication of hazard

Risk of danger Warning of threshold
Low passages, obstacles

Green Safe condition Escape routes

Emergency exits
Emergency shower
First aid and rescue stations

Blue Mandatory action Obligatory to wear

Personal safety equipment
Examples of safety colours (Red)
Examples of safety colours
(Blue)
Examples of safety colours
(Green)
Examples of safety colours
(Yellow)
Personal Protective Equipment
• Head Protection
• Hard Hats (Safety Helmets)
• Eye and Face Protection
• Safety Glasses (minimum requirement)

• Goggles - better protection for chemicals,

splashes,\

• Face Shield - better for splashes or

projectiles
 Hand and Foot
Protection
• Gloves / • Shoes / Boots
sleeves
– Steel toe
– General duty
• Compressio
• Cotton,
leather n, puncture
– Sharp – Chemical
objects resistant
– Cuts • Prevents
– Chemical contact with
chemicals
 Hearing Conservation
• Hearing Loss
– Disease
– Age
– Excessive Noise
•workplace
•environmental
•recreational
• Other Effects of Noise
– Elevated blood pressure,
stress, sleeplessness
 Noise Levels
• Measured in decibels (dB)
– Whisper - 10-20 dB
– Speech - 60 dB
– Noisy Office - 80 dB
– Lawnmower - 95 dB
– Passing Truck - 100 dB
– Jet Engine- 150 dB
• Limit - 85 dB
 Hearing Protectors

• Ear Plugs - preferred (NRR* 20-30 dB)

• Ear Muffs - 2nd choice (NRR 15-30 dB)
• Double Hearing Protectors (plugs and
muffs) (NRR 30-40 dB) used for levels over
115 dB

(*NRR = Noise Reduction Rating - an

approximate decibel reduction provided by
the protector in lab conditions. Subtract 7
dB for approximate “real world”
attenuation)
 Fall Protection
• Any open edge higher than six (6) feet
– Guardrail System
– Safety Net System
– Personal Fall Arrest System
• Any fixed ladder higher than 20 feet
– Ladder Safety Device (with body harness)
– Safety Cage with offset landings every 30
feet
• Personal Fall Arrest System
• Full Body Harness
• Shock Absorber
• Locking Snap Hooks (no single action)
 ACCIDENTS:

Accidents may be of different types

depending upon the severity and
degree of the injury. An accident
causing death or permanent or
prolonged disability to the injured
employee is called major accident. A
cut that does not render the
employee disabled is termed as
minor accident.
 Causes of accidents
The 98% accidents could be easily avoided
provided due precautions are taken well in time.
A very familiar slogan goes on to say that
accidents do not just happen but are caused
due to the failure of one element or the other,
and the most unfortunate factor is that the
human element is the most pronounced of all
which fail.
The common causes which lead to accidents
are the following:
•1. Unsafe working position.
•2. Improper or defective tools or their improper
use. 29
 Causes of accidents
3. Improper acts- which result in violation of
safety rules and non-observance of safety
precautions.
•Common sources of accidents
This can be regarded as sources of danger and
require guarding for protection against
accidents. Some common sources of accident
are listed below:
1. Projecting fasteners on revolving parts.
2. Revolving cutting tools, circular saw blades.
3. Reciprocating knives and saw blades such as
cutting and trimming machines and power
30
hack-saws, etc.
Employee Orientation
 Bench Work and Fittings
 Machine tools are capable of producing
work at a faster rate,
 but, there are occasions when
components are processed at the
bench.
 Sometimes, it becomes necessary to
replace or repair component which must
be fit accurately with another
component on reassembly.
 Bench work and fitting require the use
of a number of simple hand tools and 32
 Bench Work and Fittings
 The operations in the above works
consist of filing, chipping, scraping,
sawing drilling, and tapping.
 Holding Tools
Bench vice
The bench vice is a work holding device.
It is the most commonly used vice in a
fitting shop. The bench vice is shown in
Figure 1.1.

33
•It is fixed to the bench with bolts and
nuts. The vice body consists of two main
parts, fixed jaw and movable jaw. When
the vice handle is turned in a clockwise
direction, the sliding jaw forces the work
against the fixed jaw

34
 Bench Work and Fittings (Cont.)
 V‐block
V‐block is rectangular or square block with a
V‐groove on one or both sides opposite to
each other. The angle of the ‘V’ is usually
900.
 C‐Clamp
This is used to hold work against an angle
plate or v‐block or any other surface, when
gripping is required. Its fixed jaw is shaped
like English alphabet ‘C’ and the movable
jaw is round in shape and directly fitted to
the threaded screw at the end. 35
36
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Marking and Measuring Tools
• Try square
It is measuring and marking tool for 900
angle .In practice, it is used for checking
the squareness of many types of small
works when extreme accuracy is not
required .

37
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Scriber
• A Scriber is a slender steel tool, used to
scribe or mark lines on metal work
pieces. It is made of hardened and
tempered High Carbon Steel. The Tip of
the scriber is generally ground at 12o to
15o.

38
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Punches
• These are used for making indentations
on the scribed lines, to make them
visible clearly. These are made of high
carbon steel.

39
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
• Calipers
They are indirect measuring tools used to
measure or transfer linear dimensions.
These are used with the help of a steel
Rule to check inside and outside
measurements.

40
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
• Vernier Calipers
These are used for measuring outside as
well as inside dimensions accurately. It
may also be used as a depth gauge. It
has two jaws. One jaw is formed at one
end of its main scale and the other jaw
is made part of a vernier scale.

41
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Cutting Tools
 Hack Saw
• The Hack Saw is used for cutting metal
by hand. It consists of a frame, which
holds a thin blade, firmly in position.
Hacksaw blades have a number of teeth
ranging from 5 to 15 per centimeter
(cm).

42
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Chisels
Chisels are used for removing surplus
metal or for cutting thin sheets. These
tools are made from 0.9% to 1.0%
carbon steel of octagonal or hexagonal
section. Chisels are annealed, hardened
and tempered to produce a tough shank
and hard cutting edge.

43
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Dies and die‐holders
• Dies are the cutting tools used for
making external thread. Dies are made
either solid or split type. They are fixed
in a die stock for holding and adjusting
the die gap. They are made of Steel or
High Carbon Steel.

44
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Files
• Filing is one of the methods of removing
small amounts of material from the
surface of a metal part. A file is
hardened steel too, having small parallel
rows of cutting edges or teeth on its
surfaces.

45
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Miscellaneous Tools
 File card
It is a metal brush, used for cleaning the
files, to free them from filings, clogged
in‐between the teeth.

46
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Ball‐Peen Hammer
Hammers are named, depending upon
their shape and material and specified
by their weight. A ball peen hammer has
a flat face which is used for general
work and a ball end, particularly used for
riveting.

47
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Screw driver
• A screw driver is designed to turn
screws. The blade is made of steel and
is available in different lengths and
diameters.

48
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Screw driver
• A screw driver is designed to turn
screws. The blade is made of steel and
is available in different lengths and
diameters.

49
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
 Spanners
A spanner or wrench is a tool for turning
nuts and bolts. It is usually made of
forged steel. There are many kinds of
spanners.

50
 Bench Work and Fittings
(Cont.)
• Safe Practice in Bench Work and
Fitting shops
The following are some of the safe and
correct work practices in bench work and
fitting shop, with respect to the tools used
1. Keep hands and tools wiped clean and
free of dirt, oil and grease. Dry tools are
safer to use than slippery tools.
2. Do not carry sharp tools on pockets.
3. Wear leather shoes and not sandals.
4. Don’t wear loose clothes. 51
5.Do no keep working tools at the edge of
the table.
6. Position the work piece such that the cut
to be made is close to the vice. This
practice prevents springing, saw breakage
and personal injury.
7. Apply force only on the forward (cutting)
stroke and relieve the force on the return
stroke while sawing and filing.
8. Do not hold the work piece in hand while
cutting.
9. Use the file with a properly fitted tight
52
10. After filing, remove the burrs from the
edges of the work, to prevent cuts to the
fingers.
11. Do not use vice as an anvil.
12. While sawing, keep the blade straight;
otherwise it will break
13. Do not use a file without handle.
14. Clean the vice after use.

53