Hi!

I’m Sir Wally

your PR1 Teacher

Walter B. Mendoza
Master Teacher II
Group Head STEM
Stand
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
QUARTER 3: WEEK 1
MODULE 1
Qualitative Research
Target
 After going through this module, you are
expected to:
• 1. share research experience and knowledge
(CS_RS11IIIa-1)
• 2. explain the importance of research in daily life.
(CS_RS11IIIa-2)
• 3. describe characteristics, processes & ethics of research
(CS_RS11IIIa-3)
• 4. differentiate qualitative from quantitative research
(CS_RS11IIIa-4)
• 5. provide examples of research in areas of interest
(CS_RS11IIIa-5)
• 6. describe characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and
kinds of qualitative research (CS_RS11IIIa-6)
• 7. illustrate the importance of qualitative research across
fields (CS_RS11IIIa-7)
Lesson 1: Importance &
Characteristics of Qualitative
Research
Scrambled Words: Scramble the letters to reveal
the hidden word.

E C R A H S R E
 Answer:

RESEARCH
I E L Q T T A U V I A
 Answer:

QUALITATIVE
L P O E x R
Answer

•E X P L O R E
What is Research?

Research is a careful consideration of

study regarding a particular concern
or problem using a process of inquiry.

According to Earl Robert Babbie, research

is a systematic inquiry to describe,
explain, predict and control observed
phenomenon.
 What is the importance of
Research in Daily Life?

• Research plays a vital role in our daily life.

• It gives us light to inquire for the right
information.
• It helps develop the right attitude to not
believe in anything easily and most
especially,
• It empowers us with knowledge and
efficient learning of new things.
1. Gain Essential Information
• Research provides important
information in the different areas of
interest. It helps you get acquainted
with the process and resources
involved in your research.
2. To Make Changes

• Research creates changes as a

result of intense study on existing
knowledge and policy
3. To Enhance the
Standard of Living
• New inventions are made possible
through research that made the life of
man comfortable.
• It resulted to the advancement of
knowledge leading to the development
in different fields like transportation
and communication.
 4. For a Safer Life
*

• Discoveries resulted to improve life

expectancy and health conditions of
humankind.
• New machines and drugs helped in
treatment and diagnosis of different
diseases.
 5.To know the Truth

The results of research helps

us to mark out the thin line
between truth and lie.
6. To Explore History
• Research enables human to
learn and understand more
about our forefathers and
helps us learn from their
mistakes and experiences.
7. To understand the Arts

• Research helps us to understand

and appreciate the works of
artists in literature, painting and
other fine arts.
Characteristics of
1. Empirical

Research is based on direct experience or

observation by the researcher.

Most researches are based on real-life

situation.
2. Systematic
Research follows an orderly procedure
based on valid procedures and
principle.
3. Controlled

In research, all variables except those

that are tested are kept constant.
 4. Analytical
Research utilizes proven
analytical procedure in
gathering the data.
 5. Objective

All findings are logically

Research is unbiased.
based on data.
The Process of Research
• Is a process of multiple scientific
steps in conducting the research
work where each step is interlinked
with other steps.
• The process starts with the research
problem and then advances in the
next steps sequentially.
Steps in the 3. Setting
research
Research Process 1. Identifying the
problem
2. Reviewing
literature
questions,
objectives and
hypothesis

5. Deciding on
4. Choosing the
the sample 6. Collecting data
sample design
design

7. Processing and 8. Writing the

analyzing data report
I. Identifying the problem

The first step in the

process is to identify a
problem or develop a
research question.

The research problem maybe

something the researcher
identifies as a problem, some
knowledge or information that
is needed by the researcher
that comes with the ongoing
phenomenon or issues.
What is a Research Is a statement about an area of concern, a
Problem? condition to be improved, a difficulty to be
eliminated, or a troubling question that exists
in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice
that points to the need for meaningful
understanding and deliberate investigation.

In some social science disciplines, the

research problem is typically posed in the
form of question .
 Types of Research
Problem and Example
1. Descriptive Research Problem

Descriptive research problems focus on questions like ‘what is?’, its

main aim is to describe the situation, state or the existence of
certain phenomena.

Example: What are the main factors affecting consumers’ purchase

decision?
2. Causal Research Focuses on identifying the
Problem extent and nature of cause-
and-effect relationship.

Such research problem helps

in assessing the impact of
some changes on existing
norms and processes.

Example: How does online

education affect students’
learning abilities?
 3. Relational
This research problem
Research Problem
The aim is to investigate
states that some sort of
the qualities or
relationship between 2
characteristics that are
variables need to be
connected in some ways.
investigated.

Example: How is the

experience of a teacher
related to his or her
teaching style?
II. Reviewing A review of literature or review of related literature (RRL) is a
Literature written summary of journals, articles, books and other
documents that describe the past and current state of
information on the topic of your study.

A description and analysis relevant to a particular

topic or field.

Provides a description, summary and critical

evaluation of works in relation to the research
problem being investigated.
III. Setting the
research questions, Research Question- is a question that a researcher sets out
objectives and to answer. Example: What effect does daily use of
Facebook have on the attention span of learners under 16
hypothesis years of age?

Research Objective- in general, research objectives

describe what we expect to achieve.

Hypothesis- a proposed explanation made from the basis

of limited evidence as a starting point for further
investigation; an intelligent or educated guess. Example:
The daily used of Facebook can lower the attention span of
learners under 16 years of age.
 IV. Choosing the Study
Design
Study design is a framework or
set of methods and procedures
used to collect data and analyze
data on variables specified in a
particular research problem.

Qualitative Study design /

research design:
Phenomenological Studies,
Ethnographic Studies,
Grounded Theory Studies,
Case Studies and Action
Research Studies.
V. Deciding on the
Sample Design

• A sample design is a definite plan or a

technique for obtaining a sample from a
given population.
• Non-probability sampling or purposive/
judgement sampling
• Probability sampling is based on the
concept of random selection also known
as chance sampling
 VI. Collecting Data

• The process of gathering and measuring

information on variables of interest in an
established systematic manner to answer
stated research questions, test hypothesis and
evaluate outcomes.
• Through interviews*, questionnaires and
surveys, observations*, documents and records,
focus groups* and oral histories.
• * the three core approaches to data collection
in qualitative research.
VII. Processing and
Analyzing Data

Data processing- is the collection and

translation of data set into valuable and
usable information through graph, report
chart or any automated tool.

Analyzing Data- data analysis is used to

interpret data and to derive insights through
the used of analytical and logical reasoning
to determine patterns, relationship and
trends.
Take note: 1. Prepare and organize your data. Print out your transcripts,
Processing and gather your notes, documents and other materials.

Analyzing Data in
Qualitative 2. Review and explore the data.
Research include 5
Steps
3. Create initial codes.

4. Review those codes and revise or combine into

themes.

5. Present themes in a cohesive manner.

VIII. Writing the Report

• It is a detailed presentation of research

process and findings, and it usually includes
tables and graphs. However, in qualitative
research it is expressed in a narrative report
with contextual descriptions
• It is written in a formal language and usually
written in the third person.
Ethics in
Research

Ethics in research Provides It educates and

is a codification of guidelines for the monitors the
scientific morality responsible conduct of
in practice. conduct of researches to
research. ensure basic
norms and high
ethical standards.
 Why is Ethical Norms in
Research Important?
• 1. Norms promote the aims of research such as
knowledge, truth and evidence of error.
• 2. Ethical standards promote the values that are
essential to collaborative work.
• 3. Ethical norms held researches accountable to
the general public.
• 4. Norms in research help establish public support,
quality and integrity of research.
Ethical Principles
in Research
 Honesty: Honestly report data, results, method
Report and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify or mis represent data.

1. H Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental design,

data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
Strive
2. O personnel decision, grant writing, expert testimony and
other aspects of research.

3. I Integrity: Keep your promises and

Keep agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
4. C consistency of thought and action.

Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and

negligence; carefully and critically examine your
Avoid own work and the work of your peers. Keep good
records of research activities.
 Openness: Share data, results, ideas,
tools, resources. Be open to criticism and
new ideas.
4. O
5. R
Respect for intellectual property: Honor patents, copyrights
and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use
unpublished data, methods or results without permission.
Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.

6. C
Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications

7. R such as papers or grants submitted for publication,

personnel records, trade or military secrets and
patient records.

Responsible Publication: Publish in order to

advance research and scholarship not to advance
just your own career. Avoid wasteful and
duplicate publication.
 Responsible Mentoring: Help to educate,
Help
mentor and advise students. Promote
their welfare and allow them to make
their own decisions.
9. R
10. R Respect
Respect for Colleagues: Respect your
colleagues and treat them fairly.

11. S
Social Responsibility: Strive to promote
12. N Strive
social good and prevent or mitigate
social harms through research, public
education and advocacy.

Non-Discrimination: Avoid discrimination against

colleagues or students based on sex, race, or
Avoid
other factors that are not related to their
scientific competence and integrity.
Do the following
Activities
Activity 1.
Research in Daily
Life p. 7
•Direction : In 2 to 3-
minute video, discuss
creatively how much
research made an
impact to you as a
student. Please be
guided by the given
rubrics.
Sample Video
Activity 2: The Research Process p. 8
• Direction: Copy the graphic organizer and supply the needed information
showing the process of Research. Use separate paper for your answer.

1.
8. 2.

7. 3.

6. 4.
5.
Deepen Direction: Answer the questions based on what you have
learned in this lesson. Make your answer brief yest
p.9 substantial. Use separate paper for your answer.

1. What is research?

2. What makes research important to you as a student?

3. what are the findings you should consider in conducting

a research?

4. Why is it necessary for researchers to follow the process

of research?
Lesson 2:
Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
 What is Quantitative
Research?

•It is a systematic investigation

of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and
performing statistical,
mathematical or computational
techniques.
 What is Qualitative
Research?
•Qualitative research involves
collecting and analyzing non-
numerical data like text, video
or audio to understand
concepts, opinions or
experiences.
•It can be used to gather in-
depth insights into a problem or
generate new ideas for
Comparison
Between
and

Research
 Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Definition A type of educational research A type of educational research

where the researcher relies on where the researcher decides
the view of the participants. what to study.

Purpose It aims to understand and It aims to test hypothesis, look at

interpret social interaction. cause and effects and to make
predictions.

Group Studied Smaller and not randomly Larger and randomly selected.
selected.

Variable Study of a whole and not Specific variables studied.

variables.

Type of Data Collection Words, images and objects Numbers and statistics

Form of Data Collected Qualitative Data like open-ended Quantitative Data as results of
responses, interviews, experiments.
observation and notes.
 Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
Role of the Researcher Researchers and their biases Researchers and their biases are
maybe known to participants in not known to participants in the
the study and participants’ study and participants’
characteristics maybe known to characteristics are deliberately
the researcher. hidden from the research.

Analysis Inductive (by the researcher) Deductive (by Statistical

Methods)

Results Particular or specialized finding Generalizable findings that can

that is less generalized be applied to other populations

Final Report Narrative report with contextual Statistical report with correlation,
descriptions comparison of means and
statistical significance

Observed Qualities, behaviors and Quantities, scales and trends

complexities

Questions asked Why and How How many and What

 Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
Identifying Research Problem Detailed understanding of a Description of trends or
central phenomenon explanation of relationships

Review of Literature Justify the importance of studying Justifying the research problem
the research problem and the need of the direction of
the study

Specifying Research Purpose Seek to understand the Seek observable data on

participants’ experiences variables

Collection of Data Gather words or image data collection of data using

from small number of individual instruments with preset
questions from large individuals

Analysis and Interpretation Text analysis and interpretation Data analysis using statistical
of themes analysis

Reporting and Evaluation Takes a subjective and bias Tend to use standard fixed
approach. structures and evaluation
Flexible, emerging structure and criteria.
evaluative criteria Takes an objective and unbiased
approach.
Examples of Qualitative
and Quantitative
Research Topics in the
Different Areas of
Interest
 Areas of Discipline Qualitative Quantitative

Medicine Disease prevention mechanism Studies on the development of

vaccines for Corona Virus

Arts Life and works of different artist Experiment on good paint

in the Philippines substance and painting material

sports Common characteristics of Development of materials to be

children into and not into sports used in sports

Psychology Behavior of students in school Impact of music to the behavior

of children

Business Behavioral traits of product Relationship between

patrons in the last 10 years expenditures in advertisements
and sales
 Areas of Discipline Qualitative Quantitative

Agriculture Health benefits of organically Effects of organic fertilizers in

grown vegetables to elderly vegetable production and sales

Fisheries Fishermen’s adjustment Environmental factors affecting

mechanisms during dry season the number of fishes caught in
place

ICT Effect of technology use to the Impact of online platforms to

study habits of students students’ achievement in their
subjects

Social Science Ethnographic study of cultural Quantitative analysis in social

group in the Philippines science.
Lesson 3: Qualitative Research
(Interpretative Research)
Characteristics of
a. Naturalistic: refers to studying real-world situations as
Design they unfold naturally; nonmanipulative and
noncontrolling; the researcher is open to whatever
emerges.

b. Emergent: acceptance of adapting inquiry as

understanding deepens and/ or situations change; the
researcher avoids rigid designs that eliminate
responding to opportunities to pursue new paths of
discovery as they emerge.
c. Purposeful: cases for study are selected because they are
“information rich” and illuminative. That is, they offer useful
manifestations of the phenomenon of interest; sampling is
aimed at insight about the phenomenon, not empirical
generalization derived from a sample and applied to a
population.
 Collection of Data
• a. Personal experience and engagement: the
researcher has direct contact with and gets close to
the people, situation, and phenomenon under
investigation.
• b. Emphatic neutrality: an emphatic stance in
working with study respondents seek various
understanding without judgment (neutrality) by
showing openness, sensitivity, respect, awareness
and responsiveness; in observation, it means being
fully present (mindfulness)
• c. Dynamic systems: there is attention to process;
assumes change is ongoing, whether the focus is on
an individual, an organization, a community or an
entire culture, therefore, the researcher is mindful of
and attentive to system and situational dynamics.
Analysis

d. Context sensitive:
c. Holistic perspective: places findings in a
the whole phenomenon social, historical and
b. Inductive analysis:
under study is temporal context,
Immersion in the
understood as a researcher is careful
details and specifics of
complex system that is about the possibility or
the data to discover
more than the sum of meaningfulness of
a. Unique case important patterns,
its parts; the focus is on generalizations across
orientation- assumes themes and inter-
complex time and space;
that each case is relationships; begins by
interdependencies and emphasizes careful
special and unique exploring then
system dynamics that comparative case
confirming findings,
cannot be reduced in analyses and
guided by analytical
any meaningful way to extrapolating patterns
principles rather than
linear, cause and effect for possible
rules.
relationships and/or a transferability and
few discrete variables. adaptation in new
settings.
Strengths of Qualitative
Research
• a. All problems and the topics covered under this research
are in detail.
• b. This method majorly focuses on small groups which
ultimately do not require more expenses when compared to
quantitative research.
• c. On the emergence of new developed information and
findings, the revision, direction and framework of the data
can be done easily quickly.
• d. The data is collected from a small group which bounds it
to be universal for a large population.
• e. The data with the method is collected based on genuine
efforts and gives a clear vision on what can be expected.
 Weaknesses of
Qualitative Research
• a. As the data is collected for a small group due to which
assumptions cannot be made beyond the small group of people.
• b. It becomes difficult to demonstrate, ,maintain and assess the
rigidity of the data.
• c. Collection of statistical data is not easy and cannot be done
solely by using this method.
• d. As the data is in big quantity, analysis and interpretation of the
data takes much time.
• e. The responses of the subjects might be affected as the
researchers are bound to be present during the process of data
gathering.
 • A qualitative research method often used in
the social sciences that is often used in
1.Ethnography
gathering data on human societies/ culture.
• Ethnography is the study of the people in
their own environment through the used of
methods such as participant observation and
face-t-face interviewing.
• Data collection is done trough participant
observation, interviews and questionnaires.
2. Phenomenology

• Describes the structure of experience as they present

themselves to consciousness, without resources to theory,
deductions or assumptions from other discipline such as the
social sciences.
• It seeks to achieve deep understanding of the phenomenon
by rigorous and systematic examination of it.
• Its purpose is to describe essence of lived experiences.
 3. Grounded Theory

The term ‘grounded’ means

An inductive technique that the theory developed
developed for health-related from the research is
topics. It emerges from the grounded or has its roots
discipline of sociology. from the data from which it
has derived.
4. Historical
• Historical research is the
Research
systematic collection and
objective evaluation of data
related to past occurrence.
5. Case Study

• A case study is a detailed study of a

specific subject such as person, group,
place, event, organization or
phenomenon.
• It is used to test theoretical models by
using it in real world situation.
Importance of Qualitative Research
A. Social Work

• Qualitative Research Studies in social work

represents the best available research on
emerging problems or application of
evidence to diverse population.
B. Marketing

• Qualitative Research in marketing can

be used to test new ideas or products
and to gain a realistic view of how
customers or clients would react to a
particular product.
C. Business

• Data from quantitative research such as

market size, demographics and user
preferences provide important
information for business decisions.
• Qualitative research provides valuable
data for use in the design of a product
including data about use needs, behavior
patterns, and use cases.
D. Sports

• The results of qualitative research can

inform stakeholders about facilitators and
obstacles to exercise, motivation and
adherence, the influence of experiences,
beliefs, disability and capability on physical
activity, exercise engagement and
performance and to test strategies that
maximize physical performance.
E. Medicine

• The goal of qualitative research is to help

us gain an understanding as how or why
certain things occur
• Qualitative research seeks that
understanding through observation and
interviews, both of which provide insight
into the research question.
F. Psychology

• Qualitative research is an important

alternative to quantitative research in
Psychology.
• It generally involves asking broader research
questions, collecting more detailed data (e.g.,
interviews) and using non-statistical analyses.
G. Arts

• Qualitative is important in arts since

with the use of this research people
could be able to reach new ideas and
conclusions which will help people
improve arts and discover new
techniques and any other more.
H. Literature

• The way one deals with the literature plays a

crucial and guiding role in the iterative process
between theory and data because it determines
how existing theories are dealt with in the sign
and conduct or research. As such consideration
as to when and how to use the literature
acquire great importance.
I. Agriculture and
Fisheries

• Interviews are a key element of

qualitative research fisheries
scientists may incorporate to
improve understanding of why
fisheries operate as they do and
what the effects of policy changes
are likely to be.
Do the Given Activities
Activity 1: Show Me! p.19

• Direction: Complete the graphic organizer

by filling out the blanks showing the salient
characteristics of qualitative research. Use
separate sheet for your answer.
Activity 2: Give Me! p.20

• Direction: Search for studies conducted by

researchers under the kinds of qualitative
research. Follow the template for your
answer.
Deepen p.20

• Direction: Answer the following questions

based on what you have learned in this
lesson. Make your answer brief yet
substantial.
End of Module 1 1

Thank
You