DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER : 5th

SUBJECT : THEORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CHAPTER : [1] WORKING STRESS METHOD

TOPIC : [1.3] ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED

AND DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS
FOR FLEXURE

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM PRESENTED BY: Mr. MD MUMTAJ

 CONTENTS
Learning Objectives
1. Analysis of Singly Reinforced Section
2. Analysis Steps for Calculating MOR
3. Problem No.1
4. Problem No.2
5. Analysis Steps for Calculating actual stresses developed
6. Problem No.3
7. Design Steps for Singly Reinforced Beam
8. Problem No. 4
9. Design of Doubly Reinforced Section

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 Learning Objectives

 To develop a clear understanding of design philosophy amongst the students for designing
reinforced concrete structures using WSM and LSM.
 To study various clauses of IS: 456-2000 and their significance in the RCC design.
 To apply various concepts of LSM in the analysis and design of beams, slabs and columns.
 To study the concept of Serviceability and Durability for deflection and crack width calculation in
RCC structures.
 To develop the concept of design using design charts and curves for columns subjected to axial
load and moment.
 To study the concept of reinforced concrete footing design subjected to axial load and moment
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 1. ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION
Actual depth of N.A. () is calculated by equating moment of area on both side of N.A. i.e.
2
𝑥𝑛
𝑏 =𝑚 𝐴 𝑠𝑡 ( 𝑑 − 𝑥𝑛 )
2
This depth of N.A. is very important term, as it is used for all purposes:

• For calculating moment of resistant.

• For calculating actual stress developed due to a value of moment.

• Stress diagram is always rotates about N.A.

• For design the section.

According to the position of N.A., sections are divided in three parts:

1. Under-reinforced section

2. Over-reinforced section

3. Balanced section or Critical section

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 Balanced Section:

• X n = 𝑛𝑐
Under-reinforced Section

•
• x n < 𝑛𝑐
• Tension Failure only.
Over-reinforced Section

• xn > 𝑛𝑐
• Compression Failure only.
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 2. ANALYSIS STEPS FOR CALCULATING MOR:
Step 1: Calculate the permissible stresses values for
(a) Concrete (From Table 21, Pg.81)
σ𝑐𝑏𝑐

(b) Steel (From Table 22, Pg.82)

σ𝑠𝑡
280
Step 2: Calculate the Modular ratio (m) = (as per IS:456:2000, Pg.80)
3σ𝑐𝑏𝑐

Step 3: Determine critical neutral axis (𝑛𝑐)

𝑚∗
σ 𝑠𝑡 / 𝑚
=
σ𝑐𝑏𝑐
»
𝑑 = σ𝑠𝑡 +1 » 𝑛𝑐 = ( )*d
σ𝑠𝑡σ
+𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑚∗ σ𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑑−𝑛𝑐 𝑛𝑐 𝑛𝑐 𝑚∗
Step 4: Determine
σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 actual neutral axis (xna)

2
𝑥𝑛
𝑏 =𝑚 𝐴 𝑠𝑡 ( 𝑑 − 𝑥𝑛 )
2
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 Step 5: Compare the value of xna & 𝑛𝑐

(i) If, xn= 𝑛𝑐 𝑀𝑂𝑅=

the section is balanced.
1
2
𝜎 𝑐𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑥 𝑛 ( 𝑑−
𝑥𝑛
3 )
& or MOR = σ𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 . (d – x3n )

(ii) If xn < 𝑛𝑐, the section is under reinforced.

σ𝑠𝑡 ∗xn
xn
MOR = σ𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 . (d – 3 ) & C = 𝑚∗(𝑑−x
n)

(iii) If xn > 𝑛𝑐, the section is over reinforced.

xn σ ∗𝑚∗(𝑑−xn)
12 𝑐𝑏𝑐 x . (d ) & T = 𝑐𝑏𝑐
MOR = σ . n
3 - xn
Note: Safe load (w) b. is calculated by equating the maximum bending moment to the moment of resistance.

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 3. PROBLEM NO.1: Calculate moment of resistance of a R.C.C. beam of size 400x650 mm is
reinforced with 4 bars of 20mm. M30 and Fe-415 grade of concrete and reinforcement respectively is
used.
Given Data: B = 400 mm, D = 650 mm, d = 600mm, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4 . 4𝜋. 202 = 1256.64
𝑚𝑚2
Solution: Step 1: The values of permissible stresses are:

(a) Concrete σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 = 10 (From Table 21,

Pg.81)
(b) Steel σ𝑠𝑡 = 230 (From Table 22,
Pg.82)
280
= 9.33 (as per IS:456:2000, Pg.80)
3σ𝑐𝑏𝑐
Step 2: Calculate the Modular ratio (m) =
𝑚∗
Step 3: Determine critical neutral axis (𝑛𝑐 ) » 𝑛𝑐 = ( )*d = 173.19
σ𝑠𝑡σ
+𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑚∗ σ𝑐𝑏𝑐
mm
xna
Step 4: Determine actual neutral axis (xna ) » B*x na = m*Ast*(d- xna) » xna = 160.51
2
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
* mm
 Step 5: Compare the value of xna & 𝑛𝑐
xna < 𝑛𝑐, the section is under reinforced and Moment of resistance is

σ𝑠𝑡 ∗xna
» MOR = σ𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 . (d - x3na) & C = 𝑚∗(𝑑−x
na
)
230∗160.51
» MOR = 230 * 1256.64 (600 - & C=
160.51
3 9.33∗(600−160.51)
)
» MOR = 157.95 kN.m & C = 9.003 kN

4. PROBLEM NO.2: Calculate moment of resistance of a R.C.C. beam of size 400x650 mm is reinforced with 6
bars of 25 mm. M30 and Fe-415 grade of concrete and reinforcement, respectively is used. Calculate moment
of resistance of the balanced section also calculate corresponding area of steel reinforced for balanced section.

Solution: 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 6 . 4𝜋. 252 = 2945.24

𝑚𝑚2
x
Determine actual neutral axis (x na ) » B*xna * 2na = m*Ast*(d- xna) » xna = 226.525 mm
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 Now Compare the value of xna & 𝑛𝑐

xna > 𝑛𝑐, the section is over reinforced and Moment of resistance is

» MOR = 21 σ𝑐𝑏𝑐. B.xna . (d x3na) & T=

σ𝑐𝑏𝑐∗𝑚∗(𝑑−xna)
- xna

» MOR = 1 *10 *400*226.525 (600 - 226.525) &

2 T= 226.525
10∗9.33∗(600−226.525)
3
T = 153.825 kN
» MOR = 237.62 kN.m 1 𝑛𝑐
Now for balanced section: » MOR = 2 σ 𝑐𝑏𝑐 . B. 𝑛𝑐 . (d -
&
3 )

» MOR =
187.83
𝑘𝑁𝑚
» MOR = σ𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 . (d - x3na)
By using tensile stress formula, calculate the
𝐴𝑠𝑡 » 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1506 mm2 = 5 bars 20 mm ϕ
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 5. ANALYSIS STEPS FOR CALCULATING ACTUAL STRESSES DEVELOPED:
Equate the given bending moment to MOR formula

Step 1: Determine actual neutral axis (xna)

x
B*xna na = m*Ast*(d- xna)
2
*
Step 2: Calculate the Maximum bending Moment due to given load in beam
(𝑀 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 )

Step 3: Calculate the actual stress developed in concrete

1 x
B.M. = 𝑐𝑎 . B.xna . (d na) » Find 𝑎
2 3
- out 𝑐
Step 4: Calculate the actual stress developed in steel

B.M. = 𝑡𝑎 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 . (d - x3na) » Find 𝑎

σ 𝑚 (𝑑 −
out 𝑡
𝑐𝑏𝑐 na
Or 𝑡𝑎 x )
xna
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
=
 6. PROBLEM NO.3: A simply supported beam of an effective span of 10 m has a dimension of 400x800
mm and is reinforced with 5 bars of 25 mm. If a beam supports a superimposed dead and live load of 20
kN/m. Find the stresses developed in steel and concrete. Check whether the section is safe or not? M30
and Fe-500 grade of concrete and reinforcement respectively is used.

Given Data: B = 400 mm, D = 800 mm, d = 750 mm, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 5 . 4𝜋 . 252 = 2454.36
𝑚𝑚2
Solution: Step 1: The values of permissible stresses are:

(a) Concrete σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 = 10 (From Table 21,

Pg.81)

(b) Steel σ𝑠𝑡 = 275 (From Table 22, Pg.82)

280
Step 2: Calculate the Modular ratio (m) = = 9.33 (as per IS:456:2000, Pg.80)
3σ𝑐𝑏𝑐

x
Step 3: Determine actual neutral axis (xna) » B*xna* na = m*Ast*(d- xna) » xna = 241.33
2
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM mm
 Step 4: Calculate the Maximum bending Moment due to given load in beam
(𝑀 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 )
Given superimposed dead and live load = 20 kN/m

Self weight of the structure (0.4*0.8*1*25) = 8

kN/m
𝑤𝑙 2 28∗10 2

So the total load is 28 kN/m M𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 350

kNm
𝑀 8 8
Step 5: Calculate the actual stress developed in concrete

1 xna
B.M. = 𝑐𝑎 . B.xna . (d
2 3
) » 350*106 = 21 ∗ 𝑎 𝑐 400*241.33*(750 -
- 3
241.33
)
» 𝑐𝑎 = 10.83 N/mm2 > σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 (hence concrete is fail)

Step 4: Calculate the actual stress developed in steel

B.M. = 𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑡 . 3𝐴 . (d - xna) 𝑠𝑡 » 350*106 = σ ∗ 3

2454.36* (750 - 241.33) » 𝑡𝑎= 212.96 N/mm2 < σ𝑠𝑡 (hence steel is safe)
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 7. DESIGN STEPS FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM:
Always a balanced section is designed, if size of the beam is not given in
question.

Step 1: Calculate the permissible stresses values for

(a) Concrete (From Table 21, Pg.81)
σ𝑐𝑏𝑐

(b) Steel (From Table 22, Pg.82)

σ𝑠𝑡
280
Step 2: Calculate the Modular ratio (m) = (as per IS:456:2000, Pg.80)
3σ𝑐𝑏𝑐
1 n
Step 3: For the balanced section » 𝑀𝑚 𝑎 𝑥= σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 . b.n . (d -c c ) 3
(put n = k*d)
c
2

» 𝑀𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 = 21 σ . k. (1 - k) ( here j = 1 – 3k = Lever arm depth

𝑐𝑏𝑐 3
B.d 2 factor) 𝑚∗
» 𝑀 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 = 1 σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 . k. j.b.d2 ( and k = σ = N. A. depth factor)
2 σ𝑠𝑡+𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑚∗ σ𝑐𝑏𝑐

»𝑀𝑚 𝑎 = Q.b.d2 ( Q = 21 σ𝑐𝑏𝑐. k. j = Resisting moment factor)

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM 𝑥
 Always a balanced section is designed, if size of the beam is not given in the question.
Step 4: Calculate the Maximum bending Moment due to applied load in beam
(𝑀 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 )

Step 5: Depth required for balanced section d = 𝑀 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 /(Q. b)

b
NOTE: If width of beam is not given, then take ratio of is 1 to 2.
𝑑
2
3
» 𝑀𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 . (d − nc )
3
σ
Step 6: Equating from tension side for calculating the area of reinforcement
» 𝑀 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 = σ𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 .d (1 - 𝑘)
3

» 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝑀 𝑚𝑎𝑥
σ𝑠𝑡.𝑗.𝑑

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 8. Problem No. 4: A rectangular simply supported beam of width 350 mm is subjected to a uniformly
distributed load of 15 kN/m over an effective span of 8 m. Determine the depth required for the beam
and also calculate the area of tensile reinforcement required. Use M20 and Fe-250 grade of concrete and
reinforcement, respectively.

Solution: Step 1: Find the value of permissible stresses

for
(a) Concrete σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 = 7 N/𝑚𝑚 2 (From Table 21, Page No.81)
(b) Steel σ𝑠𝑡 = 140 N/𝑚𝑚 2 (From Table 22, Page No.82)
280
Step 2: Calculate the Modular ratio m= = 280 = 13.33 (as per IS:456:2000, Pg.80)
3∗σ𝑐𝑏𝑐
3∗7
Step 3: For the balanced section, determine the design
constants 13.33∗7
N. A. Depth Factor k 𝑚 = =
13.33∗7+140
= 𝑚 σσ𝑐𝑏𝑐+ σ𝑠𝑡 0.40
𝑐𝑏𝑐
j = 1 - k = 1- 0.4 = 0.87
3 3
Lever Arm Depth Factor
Resisting Moment Factor R = 21 σ𝑐𝑏𝑐 k j = 1 *7*0.4*0.87 = 1.22 N/mm2
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
2
 Step 4: Calculate the Maximum bending Moment due to applied load in beam
(𝑀 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 )
𝐿2 2
𝑀𝑚 𝑎 = 𝑤 = 15∗ 8 = 120 kNm
8 8
𝑥

Step 5: Calculate effective depth required for balanced section

d= 𝑀 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 /(Q. b)= 120 ∗ 106/(1.22 ∗ 350)

b = 350 mm
= 530.12 Taking effective depth to 535 mm.
Step 6: Calculate the area of reinforcement

d = 535 mm
)𝑡 𝑀 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 = 120∗10
6
(𝐴�
𝑠𝑡𝑠 = 1841.54 mm2
= σ𝑠𝑡 𝑗 𝑑
� 140∗0.87∗535
6 – 20 mm ø
For calculating number of bars lets provide 20 mm ϕ
bars.
Area of 20 mm ϕ bar is 314
mm2. provide 6 bars of 20 mm ϕ
Hence,
bars.
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTION
ANALYSIS STEPS FOR CALCULATING MOR

Step 1: Calculate the permissible stresses values for

i. Concrete () (From IS 456 Table 21, Pg.81)

ii. Steel () (From IS 456 Table 22, Pg.82)

Step 2: Calculate the Modular ratio (as per IS:456:2000, Pg.80)

Step 3: Determine actual depth of neutral axis ()

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 Doubly reinforced rectangular beam section

Step 4: Determine critical depth neutral axis (𝑛𝑐)

𝑚∗
» 𝑛c = ( )*d
σ𝑠𝑡σ
+𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑚∗ σ𝑐𝑏𝑐

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 • Step 5: Compare the value of xn & 𝑛𝑐
1. If xn > 𝑛c , the section is Over-reinforced.
1
𝑀 = 𝜎 𝑐𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 𝑛 (𝑑 − 𝑥 𝑛 /3)+ ( 1 .5 𝑚 − 1 ) 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝜎 𝑐𝑏 (1 − 𝑑 ′ /𝑥 𝑛 )(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′)
2

The above equation is also applicable for balance sections

Where

2. If xn < 𝑛c , the section is under-reinforced.

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 REFERENCES
• IS 456 (2000): Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice

• “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures” by S. Ramamrutham of “Dhanpat Rai

Publishing
Company”

• “RCC Designs” by B.C. Punmia, A.K. Jain & Arun K. Jain of “Laxmi Publications”.

• “Reinforced Concrete Design” by Pillai & Menon of “Tata McGraw Hill Publication”

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 Thank You
ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM
 THANK
YOU

ARMIET/CE/SEM-5/TRCS/WSM