CELL STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTION PART
1(PROKARYOTIC CELL)
PREPARED BY: LADY GRAZIELLA T. DONGON,RN,LPT
BELLWORK
A BRIEF REVIEW OF CELL THEORY
1. Who first observed and named cells?
2. What does the cell theory state about the
origin of new cells?
3. Who proposed that plants are made of cells?
4. Who proposed that animals are made of cells?
LESSON OBJECTIVES
•Identify the parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
and their basic structures through diagrams or models.

•Describe the functions of major cell organelles such as

the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and cell
membrane.

•Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells, as well as plant and animal cells, based on
structure and function.
 PROKARYOTIC CELL
 The word “Prokaryotic” comes from
Greek roots:
 "Pro-" → means "before"
 "Karyon" → means "nut" or "kernel",
referring to the nucleus
 🔹 So, Prokaryotic = “Before nucleus”

 No true nucleus (DNA is free-floating in the BACTERIA

cytoplasm)
 No membrane-bound organelles
 Generally smaller and simpler in structure
 Cell wall present (usually made of
peptidoglycan)
 Reproduce asexually (binary fission)
 Examples: Bacteria and Archaea

ARCHAEA
Feature Description

❌ No true nucleus. DNA is in a region called the

Nucleus
nucleoid

Size Small (0.1 to 5 micrometers)

❌ No membrane-bound organelles (like

Organelles
mitochondria, ER, etc.)

Reproduces by binary fission (asexual

Cell division
reproduction)

DNA shape Circular DNA (often one chromosome)

Cell wall ✅ Present (made of peptidoglycan in bacteria)

Examples Bacteria, Archaea

 EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 The word “Eukaryotic” also comes from Greek roots:
•"Eu-" → means "true" or "good"
•"Karyon" → means "nut" or "kernel", referring to the nucleus
🔹 So, Eukaryotic = “True nucleus”

•These are larger and more complex cells with a

nucleus.
•The DNA is enclosed inside the nucleus.
•They contain membrane-bound organelles like
mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, etc.
•Example: Plant cells, animal cells, fungi, and protists
 PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC

Feature Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

❌ No true nucleus (DNA in ✅ True nucleus with nuclear
Nucleus
nucleoid) membrane
Size Small (0.1 – 5 µm) Larger (10 – 100 µm)
Circular DNA, single Linear DNA, multiple
DNA Structure
chromosome chromosomes
Has membrane-bound
No membrane-bound
Organelles organelles (e.g.,
organelles
mitochondria)
Cell Division Binary fission Mitosis or meiosis
Plants, Animals, Fungi,
Examples Bacteria, Archaea
Protists

Present (made of Present in plants and fungi

Cell Wall
peptidoglycan in bacteria) (cellulose or chitin)

Ribosomes Small (70S) Larger (80S)

Complexity Simple structure Complex structure
Plasmids Often present Rare or absent
Reproduction Asexual (binary fission) Sexual or asexual
First Appeared ~3.5 billion years ago ~2 billion years ago
•Capsule: Outer protective layer
(not in all prokaryotes)
•Cell Wall: Provides structural
support
•Cell Membrane: Regulates entry
and exit of substances
•Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid where
reactions occur
•Ribosomes: Site of protein
synthesis (not membrane-bound)
•Nucleoid Region: Area
containing the single circular DNA
strand
•Plasmids: Small circular DNA
molecules (often carry genes for
antibiotic resistance)
•Flagella/Pili: Aid in movement
and attachment
 PARTS OF THE CELL OVERVIEW

•Cell Membrane
•Cytoplasm
•Nucleus
•Mitochondria
•Ribosomes
•Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough)
•Golgi Apparatus
•Lysosomes
•Vacuoles
•Chloroplasts (plants only)
•Cell Wall (plants only)
•Cytoskeleton
Cell Membrane
•Structure: Phospholipid bilayer
with proteins
•Function: Protects cell, controls
movement of substances in/out
•Key Term: Selective permeability
 Nuclear Envelope: A double membrane that
surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the
cytoplasm; contains nuclear pores for material
exchange.
Nucleolus: A dense region within the nucleus
where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced and
ribosome assembly begins.
Chromatin: Uncondensed DNA and protein
complex; becomes chromosomes during cell
division.
Nucleus Nuclear Pores: Openings in the nuclear envelope
that control the movement of molecules between
•Structure: Nuclear membrane, the nucleus and cytoplasm.
nucleolus, chromatin
•Function: Control center of the cell,
stores DNA
•Fun Fact: Only in eukaryotic cells
 •Outer Membrane: Smooth membrane that
encloses the entire organelle and acts as a
barrier between the cytosol and the inner
environment.
•Inner Membrane: Folded into structures called
cristae; contains proteins for the electron
transport chain and ATP synthesis.

•Cristae: Folds of the inner membrane that

increase surface area for energy production.

•Matrix: The innermost compartment of the

mitochondrion; contains enzymes for the Krebs
cycle, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes.

•Intermembrane Space: The space between

the inner and outer membranes where proton
Mitochondria gradient is established for ATP production.
•Function: Site of cellular respiration; produces
ATP
•Structure: Double membrane with inner folds
(cristae)
•Nickname: Powerhouse of the cell
Ribosomes
•Function: Protein synthesis
•Location: Floating in cytoplasm
or attached to rough ER
•Structure: Small and dense, no
membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies
chemicals
•Rough ER: Covered with ribosomes, synthesizes
proteins
•Structure: Network of membranes connected to
nuclear envelope
 •Cisternae: Flattened, stacked membrane
sacs that process and package proteins.

•Cis Face: The receiving side of the Golgi

apparatus, located near the ER; receives
transport vesicles.

•Trans Face: The shipping side of the Golgi

apparatus; sends modified proteins to their
destination.

•Transport Vesicles: Small membrane-

bound sacs that carry materials to and from
Golgi Apparatus the Golgi.
•Function: Modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins for transport
•Structure: Stacked, flattened
membranes
•Analogy: Post office of the cell
Lysosomes
•Function: Digests worn-out cell parts, invaders
•Structure: Membrane-bound sac with enzymes
•Present in: Animal cells mostly
Vacuoles
•Function: Storage of water, nutrients, and waste
•Large central vacuole in plant cells helps maintain
turgor pressure
 •Outer Membrane: Smooth outer
layer that protects the organelle.
•Inner Membrane: Lies just inside
the outer membrane and regulates
passage of materials.
•Stroma: The fluid-filled space inside
the inner membrane; contains
enzymes for the Calvin cycle, DNA,
and ribosomes.
•Thylakoids: Disc-shaped membrane-
bound structures where light-
dependent reactions occur.
•Granum (plural: Grana): Stack of
Chloroplasts (Plant Cells thylakoids that increases surface area
Only) for photosynthesis.
•Lamellae: Thin membranes
•Function: Site of connecting grana, helping maintain
their structure and alignment.
photosynthesis •Chlorophyll: The green pigment
•Structure: Contains embedded in thylakoid membranes
that captures light energy.
chlorophyll, double membrane,
internal thylakoids
Cell Membrane
•Phospholipid bilayer
•Semi-permeable – controls entry and exit
•Function: Protection, communication
Cell Wall (Plants Only)
•Found outside the cell membrane
•Made of cellulose
•Provides structure and support
Cytoplasm
•Jelly-like fluid
•Suspends organelles
•Site of many
metabolic reactions
 PLANT VS. ANIMAL CELLS

Structure Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cell Wall Present Absent

Chloroplasts Present Absent

Vacuole Large Central Small or absent

Shape Rectangular Rounded