UNIT-1

Cloud Computing Fundamentals

CONTENTS:
Cloud Computing Fundamentals:
• Motivation for Cloud Computing
• The Need for Cloud Computing
• Defining Cloud Computing
• Definition of Cloud computing
• Cloud Computing Is a Service
• Cloud Computing Is a Platform
• Principles of Cloud computing
• Five Essential Characteristics
• Four Cloud Deployment Models
What is Cloud Computing?
What is “cloud” in cloud computing?
“Cloud” means storing and accessing data, software, and computing
resources over the internet instead of on your own local computer or in
your company’s physical data center. The “cloud” is basically a network of
powerful servers (computers) running somewhere in data centers around
the world, which you can access through the internet.

What is “computing” in cloud computing?

“Computing” refers to using these cloud-based resources to run
applications, store data, process data, build software, and so on —
essentially, doing all the work a computer normally does, but over the
cloud infrastructure.
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is a technology that delivers computing services (like
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and more) over the
Internet (“the cloud”) instead of using local servers or personal
computers.

• Instead of buying and maintaining physical hardware and

software, you rent these resources from a cloud provider (like
Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, or Google Cloud) as
needed.

• Cloud computing has become vital because it makes technology

cheaper, faster, and more flexible.
Example-Importance of Cloud Computing

1. Startup company building an app-A small startup can launch

an app without spending lakhs or crores on servers. They can
deploy the app on a cloud provider, scaling it to handle 100 users
or 1 million users without buying any extra hardware.

2. Healthcare — storing patient records-Hospitals use cloud-

based systems to securely store and retrieve patient records.
Doctors can access patient histories anytime, anywhere,
improving treatment and collaboration.
3. Education — online learning platforms-During the COVID-19
pandemic, platforms like Google Classroom or Microsoft Teams ran
on the cloud, supporting millions of students worldwide.

4. Data backup and recovery-A business can automatically back up

critical data to the cloud, protecting against local disasters like fire or
hardware failure.
Existing Real-World Cloud Computing Scenarios

Netflix: Streams movies and shows globally using Amazon Web Services.

Spotify: Stores and streams millions of songs from the cloud.

Dropbox: Provides cloud storage to millions of users.

Salesforce: Runs a customer relationship management platform in the cloud.

Zoom: Scales video calls globally using cloud infrastructure.

Motivation for Cloud Computing/The Need for
Cloud Computing
1.Cost Savings

Traditionally, buying servers, storage, networking equipment, and

hiring staff to maintain them was extremely expensive.

Cloud computing offers:

•Pay-as-you-go pricing
•No need for big upfront capital investment
•No physical maintenance
Cloud Computing
2. Scalability and Flexibility

In traditional IT, scaling up (more servers) or scaling down (less servers)

is slow and costly.

In the cloud:
•You can add or remove resources instantly

3. Global Accessibility

• Cloud resources are available over the Internet

• Employees can work from anywhere
• Collaboration across cities or countries becomes seamless
• 24/7 access to data and applications
4.Focus on Core Business:

Companies no longer need to spend time:

• Maintaining servers
• Patching operating systems
• Running data centers
Instead, they can focus on their business goals (e.g., making better products).

5. Better Reliability and Disaster Recovery

Cloud providers:
• Replicate data across regions
• Provide built-in backups
• Have world-class disaster recovery plans
6.Security Improvements
Ironically, many cloud providers offer better security than in-house IT
because:
•They have dedicated security teams
•Regular security updates
•Advanced threat detection systems

7. Innovation and Agility

Cloud computing supports:
• Quick experimentation-You can quickly set up and test new ideas or
applications.
• Rapid prototyping-You can build and test early versions of software or
products (called prototypes).
• Trying new technologies (like AI, ML, IoT) without huge investments-
access to advanced tools, frameworks, and computing power.
Cloud Computing as a Service
Cloud computing as a service means renting IT capabilities (infrastructure, platforms,
software, or functions) over the internet rather than owning them yourself.

Cloud computing services are divided into three classes, according

to the abstraction level of the capability provided and the service
model of providers, namely:

1. Infrastructure as a Service

2. Platform as a Service

3. Software as a Service
SaaS = you use cloud-hosted software
PaaS = you develop applications on a cloud platform
IaaS = you rent computing infrastructure in the cloud
1.Infrastructure as a Service
IaaS is a cloud computing service model that provides you with
virtualized computing resources over the Internet — like renting
physical infrastructure but virtually.
Instead of buying servers, storage, and networking equipment, you rent
them from a cloud provider on demand.

 What does IaaS typically include?

Virtual servers (compute power)

Storage (databases, file storage)
Networking (firewalls, load balancers, virtual networks)
Operating systems (optional)
Key Features of IaaS

-Pay-as-you-go
-Highly scalable
-Flexible
-You control and manage your own applications and data
-Cloud provider manages the underlying hardware

Examples of IaaS Providers

• Amazon(AWS)
• Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines
• Google Compute Engine
• IBM Cloud Infrastructure
Example Scenario
1.Imagine a startup wants to launch a website.

•Instead of buying physical servers, they rent a virtual server from AWS
•They install their website on that virtual server.
•If more users come, they can increase the server size in seconds.

2.Disaster Recovery for a Business

A company runs its own on-premise servers in its office. But they worry:
What if there’s a fire, flood, or hardware failure?

So they use IaaS from a cloud provider as a disaster recovery backup:

-They rent cloud-based virtual machines and storage

-Set up data replication from their on-prem servers to the cloud
-If their physical data center fails, they can immediately start running their
systems on the cloud virtual servers.
2.Platform as a Service
PaaS (Platform as a Service) means:
-The cloud gives you a ready-made environment to build and run
apps
-You focus only on coding your app
-The provider takes care of servers, storage, and other heavy stuff
Example:
•Google App Engine
•Microsoft Azure App Services
Why use it?
✔ Easier and faster to build apps
✔ No need to manage hardware
✔ Can scale up easily
3.Software as a Service:
What is SaaS?
•Cloud providers deliver ready-to-use software over the internet.
•You use it through a web browser or app — no need to install or maintain it yourself.
Examples of SaaS:
•Gmail
•Microsoft Office 365
•Zoom
•Salesforce
•Dropbox
Why use SaaS?
✔ No installation headaches
✔ Always up to date
✔ Accessible from anywhere
✔ Pay as you go
Principles of Cloud Computing
The 5-4-3 principles put forth by NIST describe

(a) the five essential characteristic features that promote cloud

computing,

(b) the four deployment models that are used to narrate the cloud
computing opportunities for cus tomers while looking at
architectural models, and

(c) the three important and basic service offering models of cloud
computing.
5 Essential Characteristics of
Cloud Computing
Note the word essential, which means that if any of these characteristics is missing,
then it is not cloud computing:
1.On-demand self-service
 Users can get computing resources (like servers, storage) automatically whenever
they need, without needing to talk to IT support.
 Example: Spinning up a virtual machine on AWS in seconds.

2. Broad network access

• Services are available over the internet and can be accessed from anywhere, on
any standard device (laptops, tablets, mobiles).

• Promotes flexibility for remote users.

3. Resource pooling
 The provider’s resources (computing power, storage, etc.) are pooled together to serve
multiple customers, using virtualization.
 Users don’t know exactly where resources are located, but can choose general
preferences (like data center region).
4. Rapid elasticity
 Resources can be scaled up (more resources) or down (fewer resources) very quickly,
even automatically.
 From the user’s point of view, resources seem unlimited.
5.Measured service
 Resource usage is metered (measured and tracked) so you only pay for what you
actually use.
 Provides transparency for both user and provider.
4 Cloud Deployment Models
Deployment models describe the ways with which the cloud services can be
deployed or made available to its customers, depending on the organizational
structure and the provisioning location.

1. Private Cloud
 Used only by one organization, for greater security and control.
 Can be on the organization’s own premises or hosted by a third-party provider.

2. Public Cloud
 Shared infrastructure, open to the public.
 Owned and operated by cloud providers like AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud.
3. Community Cloud
 Shared by several organizations with similar needs (e.g., government agencies,
hospitals with strict compliance).
 Supports shared policies, missions, or regulations.

4. Hybrid Cloud
 Combines two or more clouds (private, public, or community) connected together.
 Supports data and app movement between them, giving flexibility.
 Example: Company keeps sensitive data in a private cloud but uses public cloud for
web hosting.
 Three Service Offering Models
1. Software as a Service (SaaS)

•Provides ready-to-use applications over the Internet.

•Users access the software via a web browser or thin client; no infrastructure
management is needed.
•Example: Gmail, Salesforce CRM, online accounting software.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• Provides a platform with tools, frameworks, and runtime for developers to

build and deploy their own applications.
• The provider manages servers, storage, networking, and scalability; developers
focus on coding and deploying.
• Example: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Services.
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

•Provides virtualized computing resources — storage, networking, servers — over

the Internet.

•Users can install their own operating systems and applications while the provider
manages the physical infrastructure.

•Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure Infrastructure.

SPI—service offering model of the cloud.