SETS
Set Definition:
Q) Which of the following are sets ? Justify your answer.
(i) The collection of all the months of a year beginning with the letter J.
(ii) The collection of ten most talented writers of India.
(iii) A team of eleven best-cricket batsmen of the world.
(iv) The collection of all boys in your class.
(v) The collection of all natural numbers less than 100.
(vi) A collection of novels written by the writer Munshi Prem Chand.
Belongs to () and Doesn’t belongs to ():
Q) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Insert the appropriate symbol ∈ or ∉ in the
blank spaces:
(i) 5. . .A
(ii) 8...A
(iii) 0. . .A
(iv) 4. . . A
(v) 2. . .A
(vi) 10. . .A
Forms of Sets:
Q) Write the following sets in roster form:
(i) A = {x : x is an integer and –3 < x < 7}
(ii) B = {x : x is a natural number less than 6}
(iii) C = {x : x is a two-digit natural number such that the sum of its digits
is 8}
(iv) D = {x : x is a prime number which is divisor of 60}
(v) E = The set of all letters in the word TRIGONOMETRY
(vi) F = The set of all letters in the word BETTER
Q) Write the following sets in the set-builder form :
(i){3, 6, 9, 12}
(ii) {2,4,8,16,32}
(iii) {2, 4, 6, . . .}
(iv) {1,4,9, . . .,100}
Empty Set:
Q) Which of the following are examples of the null set
(i) Set of odd natural numbers divisible by 2
(ii) Set of even prime numbers
(iii) { x : x is a natural numbers, x < 5 and x > 7 }
(iv) { y : y is a point common to any two parallel lines}
Finite and Infinite Set:
Q) Which of the following sets are finite or infinite
(i) The set of months of a year
(ii) {1, 2, 3, . . .}
(iii) {1, 2, 3, . . .99, 100}
(iv) The set of positive integers greater than 100 (v) The set of prime
numbers less than 99
Q) State whether each of the following set is finite or infinite:
(i) The set of lines which are parallel to the x-axis
(ii) The set of letters in the English alphabet
(iii) The set of numbers which are multiple of 5
Equal Sets:
Q) Are the following pair of sets equal ? Give reasons.
(i) A = {2, 3}, B = {x : x is solution of x2 + 5x + 6 = 0}
(ii) A = { x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW} B = { y : y is a letter in the
word WOLF}
(iii) A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} B = { x : x is positive even integer and x ≤ 10}
(iv) A = { x : x is a multiple of 10}, B = { 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, . . . }
Subsets:
Q) Consider the sets φ, A = { 1, 3 }, B = {1, 5, 9}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
Insert the symbol ⊂ or ⊄ between each of the following pair of sets:
(i) φ . . . B
(ii) A . . . B
(iii) A . . . C
(iv) B . . . C
Q) Examine whether the following statements are true or false:
(i) { a, b } ⊄ { b, c, a }
(ii) { a, e } ⊂ { x : x is a vowel in the English alphabet}
(iii) { 1, 2, 3 } ⊂ { 1, 3, 5 }
(iv) { a }⊂ { a, b, c }
(v) { a }∈ { a, b, c }
(vi) { x : x is an even natural number less than 6} ⊂ { x : x is a natural
number which divides 36}
Q) Let A = { 1, 2, { 3, 4 }, 5 }. Which of the following statements are
incorrect and why?
(i) {3, 4} ⊂ A (ii) {3, 4} ∈ A (iii) {{3, 4}}
⊂A
(iv) 1 ∈ A (v) 1 ⊂ A
(vi) {1, 2, 5} ⊂ A
(vii) {1, 2, 5} ∈ A (viii) {1, 2, 3} ⊂ A
(ix) φ ∈ A
(x) φ ⊂ A (xi) {φ} ⊂ A
Power Set:
Universal Set:
Q) What universal set(s) would you propose for each of the following :
(i) The set of right triangles.
(ii) The set of isosceles triangles
Venn Diagrams:
Operations on Sets:
1) Union of Sets:
Properties of the Operation of Union
(i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A (Commutative law)
(ii) ( A ∪ B ) ∪ C = A ∪ ( B ∪ C) (Associative law )
(iii) A ∪ φ = A (Law of identity element, φ is the identity of ∪)
(iv) A ∪ A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) U ∪ A = U (Law of U)
2) Intersection of Sets:
Some Properties of Operation of Intersection
(i) A ∩ B = B ∩ A (Commutative law).
(ii) ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C = A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) (Associative law).
(iii) φ ∩ A = φ, U ∩ A = A (Law of φ and U).
(iv) A ∩ A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ) (Distributive law ) i. e., ∩ distributes
over ∪
3) Difference of Sets:
Q) Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }. Find A – B and B – A.
Q) Let A = { 2, 4, 6, 8} and B = { 6, 8, 10, 12}. Find A ∪ B and A ∩ B.
Q) If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6, 7, 8 }and D = { 7, 8, 9, 10 }; find
(i) A∪B
(ii) A∪C
(iii) B∪C
(iv) B∪D
(v) A∪B∪C
(vi) A∪B∪D
(vii) B∪C∪D
Q) If A = { 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 }, B = {7, 9, 11, 13}, C = {11, 13, 15}and D =
{15, 17}; find
(i) A ∩ B (ii) B ∩ C
(iii) A ∩ C ∩ D
(iv) A ∩ C (v) B ∩ D
(vi) A ∩ (B ∪ C)
(vii) A ∩ D (viii) A ∩ (B ∪ D)
(ix) ( A ∩ B ) ∩ ( B ∪ C )
Q) If A = {x : x is a natural number },
B = {x : x is an even natural number
C = {x : x is an odd natural number} and
D = {x : x is a prime number },
find (i) A ∩ B (ii) A ∩ C (iii) A ∩ D (iv) B ∩ C (v) B ∩ D (vi) C ∩ D
Q) If A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21}, B = { 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 }, C = { 2, 4, 6, 8,
10, 12, 14, 16 }, D = {5, 10, 15, 20 }; find
(i) A – B (ii) A – C
(iii) A – D
(iv) B – A (v) C – A
(vi) D – A
(vii) B – C (viii) B – D
(ix) C – D
Complement of sets:
Q) Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find A′
Q) Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}.
Find A′, B′ , A′ ∩ B′, A ∪ B and hence show that ( A ∪ B )′ = A′ ∩ B′.
# Some Properties of Complement Sets:
1. Complement laws: (i) A ∪ A′ = U (ii) A ∩ A′ = φ
2. De Morgan’s law: (i) (A ∪ B)´ = A′ ∩ B′ (ii) (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′
3. Law of double complementation: (A′)′ = A
4. Laws of empty set and universal set: φ′ = U and U′ = φ.
Q) Draw appropriate Venn diagram for each of the following :
(i) (A ∪ B)′
(ii) A′ ∩ B′
(iii) (A ∩ B)′
(iv) A′ ∪ B′
Practical Problems on Union and Intersection of Two Sets:
Practical Problems on Union and Intersection of Two Sets:
Q) X and Y are two sets such that X ∪ Y has 50 elements, X has 28
elements and Y has 32 elements, how many elements does X ∩ Y have ?
Q) In a school there are 20 teachers who teach mathematics or physics.
Of these, 12 teach mathematics and 4 teach both physics and
mathematics. How many teach physics ?
Q) In a survey of 400 students in a school, 100 were listed as taking apple
juice, 150 as taking orange juice and 75 were listed as taking both apple
as well as orange juice. Find how many students were taking neither apple
juice nor orange juice
Q) There are 200 individuals with a skin disorder, 120 had been exposed
to the chemical C1 , 50 to chemical C2 , and 30 to both the chemicals C1
and C2 . Find the number of individuals exposed to
(i) Chemical C1 but not chemical C2
(ii) Chemical C2 but not chemical C1
(iii) Chemical C1 or chemical C2
Q) In a group of 65 people, 40 like cricket, 10 like both cricket and tennis.
How many like tennis only and not cricket? How many like tennis?
Q) In a group of 70 people, 37 like coffee, 52 like tea and each person
likes at least one of the two drinks. How many people like both coffee and
tea?
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS:
1) Show that A ∪ B = A ∩ B implies A = B.
2) For any sets A and B, show that P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) ∩ P ( B ).
3) A college awarded 38 medals in football, 15 in basketball and 20 in
cricket. If these medals went to a total of 58 men and only three men got
medals in all the three sports, how many received medals in exactly two
of the three sports ?
4) In each of the following, determine whether the statement is true or
false. If it is true, prove it. If it is false, give an example.
(i) If x ∈ A and A ∈ B , then x ∈ B
(ii) If A ⊂ B and B ∈ C , then A ∈ C
(iii) If A ⊂ B and B ⊂ C , then A ⊂ C
(iv) If A ⊄ B and B ⊄ C , then A ⊄ C
(v) If x ∈ A and A ⊄ B , then x ∈ B
(vi) If A ⊂ B and x ∉ B , then x ∉ A
5) Show that if A ⊂ B, then C – B ⊂ C – A.
6) Assume that P ( A ) = P ( B ). Show that A = B.
7) Using properties of sets, show that
(i) A ∪ ( A ∩ B ) = A
(ii) A ∩ ( A ∪ B ) = A.
8) In a survey of 60 people, it was found that 25 people read newspaper
H, 26 read newspaper T, 26 read newspaper I, 9 read both H and I, 11
read both H and T, 8 read both T and I, 3 read all three newspapers. Find:
(i) the number of people who read at least one of the newspapers.
(ii) the number of people who read exactly one newspaper
9) In a survey it was found that 21 people liked product A, 26 liked product
B and 29 liked product C. If 14 people liked products A and B, 12 people
liked products C and A, 14 people liked products B and C and 8 liked all
the three products. Find how many liked product C only.
