Learning Objectives

To describe the basic components of

UPS
(DC or AC )
To describe the principles of
rectification
process
Describe the principles and process
of
inverters and static switch.
 The Main Components of UPS

main Rectifier Inverter load

Transforme
r
Battery
The Main Components of UPS

Normally a transformer is used between

the mains and the rectifier bridge.

The main purpose of this transformer is

to isolate electrically the AC side from
the DC side and to transform the input
voltage (AC side) to a suitable level
voltage.
The Main Components of UPS

To provided DC supply to the load via

inverter in case of emergency or power
line disturbance.
The Main Components of UPS

The purpose of a rectifier is to convert

unregulated AC to regulated DC.

The main components in a rectifier are

diodes or thyristors.
Types of Rectifier

The most common type of single-

phase rectifier

Half wave rectifier

Centre-tap transformer rectifier
(full wave)
Bridge rectifier (full wave)
Unregulated Rectifier - full wave

If a rectifier is used for industrial batteries the rectifier

must be
regulated.
In a typical application the rectifier and the battery are
working in
parallel with the load.
Rectifier - full wave

to t1 t2
+
t1 t2
RL to
Requirement for rectifier

The rectifier must have the capacity of

accepting
normal mains voltage and frequency
variation.

A load varying from 0-100% can be

connected to the
system and the battery must still be kept in
a fully
charged condition.

the output voltage must be constant with a

possibility to
adjust the output voltage in two levels: High
rate charge
and floating charge.
Operation of rectifier

Under normal service, when the battery is

fully charged, the rectifier is working on
floating charge.

To recharge the battery when the battery is

discharge the rectifier is equipped with a high
rate charge facility.

There is a switch on the front panel, which will

cause the output voltage to increase to a new
set level "High rate charge".
Input Current

The input current is very little

affected by variations in the input
and output voltages.

When a specific rectifier is designed

and the primary /secondary ratio of
the main transformer has been
determined, the input current is
most affected by the output current.
Output Current

Nominal

Nominal output voltages are as

standard:

12V, 24V, 43V, 110V, 120V,

220V, 240V and 330 VDC.
Float Charge

The float charge voltages can be

adjust as follow
Nominal Adjustment range for float
Voltage charge
Minimum Maximum

12V 12V 14V

24V 24V 31V
48V 48V 62V
110V 110V 140V
120V 120V 144V
220V 220V 260V
240V 240V 261V
330V 330V 335V
High Rate Charge

Adjustment range for High

Nominal Rate charge
Voltage Minimum Maximum

12V 12V 16.4V

24V 24V 33V
48V 48V 66V
110V 110V 162V
120V 120V 158.4V
220V 220V 298V
240V 240V 316V
330V 330V 396V
Inverter

The purpose of the

inverter, is to change the
direct voltage from the
rectifier or the battery to
AC voltage.
Inverter

The static inverter, used in a UPS system, must

provide the following:

Convert an unregulated DC to a regulated AC

with fixed
frequency and stable amplitude.

The AC must be sinusoidal with a limited

amount of
distortion and clean waveform.

The inverter must be protected against

continuous over
load, but in case of a short circuit of the load,
have a good
fuse blowing capability.
Types of Inverter

A Ferroresonant Constant Voltage

Transformer (CVT).

Quasi-square-wave inverter.

Pulse-width modulated (PWM)

inverter.
Static by Pass Switch

A static by pass switch

consists of the following:

• Two thyristors (SCR) per

phase,
connected in anti parallel.
• A conductor in parallel to
the
static switch.
• An isolator.
Operation of Static by Pass Switch

For a transfer to bypass, the static switch and its associated

contactor are activated simultaneously the thyristor switch
becomes conductive in both directions almost
instantaneously ( about 1.5 to 10 msec). The making time
for the contactor is about 20 to 100 msec depending on its
size.

After 0.5 to 1.6 seconds (depending on design), the thyristor

switch is turned off, so that power flows only across the
contactor, thus minimizing thyristor power loss. To connect
the inverter to load automatically after starting up, a
coupling order will, turn On the static switch and on the
bypass contactor when the inverter and mains voltage are
synchronized
Operation of Static by Pass Switch

Once the by-pass contactor is open, the inverter

contactor will be ordered to close. At the moment, a
current will flow between the two sources. On
detecting this current, the static switch will be
ordered to open. The thyristors will turn off
naturally when the current passes through zero in
the sinusoidal cycle and load will then be transfer
the inverter.

Overlapping of the two sources is limited to

maximum 10 msec. During transfer, the voltage
supplied by the inverter is controlled by the mains
voltage to ensure low transient current surge.
Operation of Static by Pass Switch

The operation of the static switch is controlled

by the bypass electronic circuit. The bypass
electronics has two main functions:

1. Monitoring the mains voltage and

frequency.

2. Monitoring the load busbar voltage

(tolerance ±10%
nominal) & current ( tolerance ± 10%
above full load).
Operation of Static by Pass Switch

The static transfer switch will also be

activated in two other abnormal
conditions:

Fault in load circuit

Failure in a UPS in parallel

operation
 DC Single Line Diagram

Q001 T001 A030

V105 load
L001F026
X001

CB02

battery
Functional Description

Main Terminal Serve for the connection of the rectifier mains (L1, L2
X001 L3, N, PE)
Mains Closing Serve for the isolation of the rectifier mains input
Switch Q001
(Isolator )
Transformer Serve for the conversion of the rectifier mains voltage
T001 to the right level for the rectifier
Rectifier Set Serve for the connection of the AC voltage into DC
A030 voltage
Smoothing Serve for the filtration of DC current
Reactor L001

DC Capacitor Serve for the filtration of DC current

module CB02

Option : Rectifier blocking diode inserted in A030 (only in

Blocking Diode parallel-operated system)
V015
AC Single Line Diagram

Static switch
Legend
 Functional Description

Main Terminal For connection to the mains

X001
Mains Closing Motorized operated breaker/circuit breaker for switching
Switch Q001 power supply as well as for the thermal overcurrent
protection.
Transformer The input voltage is transformed by a transformer to the
T001 AC voltage suitable for generating the DC voltage. The DC
voltage circuit therewith will be isolated from the supply
mains (isolating transformer)
Rectifier Set A bridge circuit comprising thyristors the AC voltage
A030 supplied by the transformer is rectified and regulated.
Either the DC voltage or the DC current, depending on
which acts as the control variable, is regulated by the
thyristors phase angle control. The firing pulses for the
thyristors are generated by a control and regulation set
called “thyristors controller”. The thyristors are protected
against overvoltages.
Smoothing The current smoothing is performed via L001, CB02 (low
Reactor L001 & pass filter). In exceptional case if CB02 fails. The
L002 smoothing of the current will be performed via L001 and
 Functional Description
Battery or Load For connecting the battery or the load
Terminal X002
Voltage Serves for the monitoring of the input voltage.
Measurement
Un
Voltage and Serves for the regulation and limitation of the output
Current voltage or output current respectively. Mains voltage,
Measurement mains current, rectifier output current, battery output
current and voltage, DC output voltage, inverter output
current, bypass mains voltage. The output voltage,
current , and frequency is also measured
The inverter The duty of the inverter is to keep the output voltage
Section and the frequency within the tolerance ranges required
A032/A033/A03 by the load. Therefore disturbances in input voltage
4 fluctuations and load change to the inverter output
voltage should not have any influence
Static Switch Is a changeover unit switch used either for non-
A305 redundant using one set only or 2 unit switches for
redundant UPS system with mains bypass. The static
switch unit in each phase consists of two thyristors
switched in anti-parallel Depending on their status, the
Exercises

D F G
B

A H
E
C
Block Diagram SitePro 60 – 120kVA (UPS)
1. Mains input Q1 = UPS output circuit breaker
2. Rectifier Q2 = maintenance bypass circuit
breaker
3. Inverter K3 = battery contactor
4. External Battery pack Q4 = rectifier input
circuit breaker
5. Electronic bypass (SSM) K6 = bypass output
contactor
6. Inv.Bridge (Is) measurement
7. Output transformer F1-L1, F1-L2, F1-L3 = input
fuses inverter
8. Output filter inverter F5-F7 = inverter out
fuse
9. Load currrent meas (H5, H6, H7) F2,F3,F4 = input
rectifier fuses
10. UPS output
H8 = output current rectifier measurement