Subject: ELECTRICAL Machines

• Books:
Electrical Machinery Fundamentals by Chapman
Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta

Instructor: Engr. M.Aleem Hussain

Email: [email protected]
ELECTRICAL Machines
• An electrical machine is a device that can convert either mechanical
energy to electrical energy or electrical energy to mechanical energy.

• When such a device is used to convert mechanical energy to electrical

energy, it is called a generator.

• When it converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, it is called a

motor.
TRANSFORMERS
• The transformer is an electrical device that is closely related to
electrical machines.
• It converts ac electrical energy at one voltage level to ac electrical
energy at another voltage level.

• Since transformers operate on the same principles as generators and

motors, depending on the action of a magnetic field to accomplish
the change in voltage level, they are usually studied together with
generators and motors.
ROTATIONAL MOTION, NEWTON'S
LAW, AND POWER RELATIONSIDPS
• Almost all electric machines rotate about an axis, called the shaft of
the machine. Because of the rotational nature of machinery, it is
important to have a basic understanding of rotational motion.

• Angular Position: The angular position of an object is the angle at

which it is oriented, measured from some arbitrary reference point.

• Angular Velocity: Angular velocity (or speed) is the rate of change in

angular position with respect to time.
ROTATIONAL MOTION, NEWTON'S LAW,
AND POWER RELATIONSIDPS (Continue)
Torque:
• In linear motion, a force applied to an object causes its velocity to
change. In the absence of a net force on the object, its velocity is
constant. The greater the force applied to the object, the more rapidly
its velocity changes.
• There exists a similar concept for rotation. When an object is rotating,
its angular velocity is constant unless a torque is present on it.
• T = (force applied) x (perpendicular distance)
= (F) (r sin ᴓ )
= rF sin ᴓ
ROTATIONAL MOTION, NEWTON'S LAW,
AND POWER RELATIONSIDPS (Continue)
Newton's Law of Rotation:
The relationship between the torque applied to an object and its
resulting angular acceleration is
Ⴀ= Jα
Ⴀ= net applied torque in newton-meters
α = resulting angular acceleration in radians per second squared
J = moment of inertia
THE MAGNETIC FIELD
• Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which energy is
converted from one form to another in motors, generators, and
transformers. Four basic principles describe how magnetic fields are used in
these devices:
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire if it
passes through that coil. (This is the basis of transformer action.)
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force
induced on it. (This is the basis of motor action.)
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage induced
in it.(This is the basis of generator action.)
THE MAGNETIC FIELD
Production of a Magnetic Field:
• The basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by a current
is Ampere's law:
ʃ H. dl = I

H= magnetic field intensity

I= current
dl= differential element of
length along the path of
integration
THE MAGNETIC FIELD
• Previous Figure shows a rectangular core with a winding of N turns of
wire wrapped about one leg of the core. If the core is composed of
iron or certain other similar metals (collectively called ferromagnetic
materials) , essentially all the magnetic field produced by the current
will remain inside the core, so the path of integration in Ampere's law
is the mean path length of the core lc. The current passing within the
path of integration I net is then Ni, since the coil of wire cuts the path
of integration N times while carrying current i.
• Ampere's law thus becomes
THE MAGNETIC FIELD
• The relationship between the magnetic field intensity H and the
resulting magnetic flux density B produced within a material is given
by
where
• H =magnetic field intensity
• = magnetic permeability of material
• B =resulting magnetic flux density produced
THE MAGNETIC FIELD
• In a core such as the one shown in Figure, the magnitude of the flux
density is given by

Now the total flux in a given area is given by

where dA is the differential unit of area.

THE MAGNETIC FIELD
• If the flux density vector is perpendicular to a plane of area A, and if
the flux density is constant throughout the area, then this equation
reduces to

• Thus, the total flux in the core in Figure due to the current i in the
winding is

where A is the cross-sectional area of the core.

Newton's Law of Rotation
• Newton's law for objects moving along a straight line describes the
relationship between the force applied to an object and its resulting
acceleration as
F =ma
where
• F = net force applied to an object
• m = mass of the object
• a = resulting acceleration
Newton's Law of Rotation
• A similar equation describes the relationship between the torque
applied to an object and its resulting angular acceleration. This
relationship, called Newton law of rotation,

• where 'T is the net applied torque in newton-meters or pound-feet

and a is the resulting angular acceleration in radians per second
squared
Magnetic Circuits
• Magnetic flux in the core is in some sense analogous to a voltage in an
electric circuit producing a current flow.
• It is possible to define a "magnetic circuit“ analogous to those for an
electric circuit.
• The magnetic circuit model of magnetic behavior is often used in the
design of electric machines and transformers to simplify the
otherwise quite complex design process.
• As I electric circuit, V = IR
So in Magnetic circuit = magneto motive force
Magnetic Circuits
Magnetic Circuits
• The reluctance of a magnetic circuit is the counterpart of electrical
resistance, and its units are ampere-turns per weber.
• As
• Comparing

• We have
Magnetic Circuits
• Reluctances in a magnetic circuit obey the same rules as resistances in
an electric circuit. The equivalent reluctance of a number of
reluctances in series is just the sum of the individual reluctances:

• Similarly, reluctances in parallel combine according to the equation

Example:
• A ferromagnetic core is shown in Figure. Three sides of this core are
of uniform width, while the fourth side is somewhat thinner. The
depth of the core (into the page) is 10 cm, and the other dimensions
are shown in the figure. There is a 200-turn coil wrapped around the
left side of the core. Assuming relative permeability of 2500, how
much flux will be produced by a I-A input current?
Example:
Example:
The magnetic circuit corresponding to figure:
Example:
• The mean path length of region 1 is 45 em, and the cross-sectional
area is 10 X 10 cm = 100 cm2 . Therefore, the reluctance in the first
region is:

• The mean path length of region 2 is 130 cm, and the cross-sectional
area is 15 X 10 cm = 150 cm2. Therefore, the reluctance in the second
region is
Example:
• The mean path length of region 2 is 130 cm, and the cross-sectional
area is 15 X 10 cm = 150 cm2. Therefore, the reluctance in the second
region is
Example:
• Therefore, the total reluctance in the core is

The total magneto motive force is

The total flux in the core is given by

Example: 02
• Figure shows a ferromagnetic core whose mean path length is 40 cm.
There is a small gap of 0.05 cm in the structure of the otherwise
whole core. The cross-sectional area of the core is 12 cm2, the
relative permeability of the core is 4000, and the coil of wire on the
core has 400 turn s. Assume that fringing in the air gap increases the
effective cross-sectional area of the air gap by 5 percent. Given this
information,
Find
• (a) the total reluctance of the flux path (iron plus air gap) and
• (b) the current required to produce a flux density of 0.5 T in the air
gap.