Faculty of Engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering

Materials Science For Chemical Engineering

Lecturer:: Eng Mohamed Abdinur

Petrochemical engineering M.Sc.
 HORMUUD OF UNIVERSITY
Department of Engineering
Faculty of Chemical Engineering,

Course Materials Science For chemical engineering

Lecture 1 :Introduction to Materials Science

Course: Material Science Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Course time: Saturday 7: 40 - 10:30 (AM),

Instructor: Eng. Mohamed Abdinour Abdulla

Duration hours: 3:00 hour

Introduction to Materials Science

Eng. Mohamed Abdinur Abdulle

 Chapter Description
• Aims
Students are expected to have basic understanding of materials science and
engineering together with its classification and main components.
• Expected Outcomes
– Understand the meaning of materials science and materials
engineering
– Differentiate the types of engineering materials and gives their examples
– Understand the relation of four main component in materials science and
engineering: processing, structure, properties and performance
• References
1. William D. Callister and David G. Rethwisch. Materials science and enginnering: An
Introduction, 9th Ed. Wiley, 2014.
1.HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with

introduction of Bronze (alloy primarily formed of copper +
tin and other metals) in the Far East.
The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues
today. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material
changed drastically daily life of a common person.
Advanced Materials era including ceramic,
semiconductors, polymers, composites, . . .
2. What are the materials science and materials engineering?

• Materials science: involves investigating the relationships

that exist between the structures and properties of materials.
•
• Materials engineering: is designing or engineering the
structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of
properties.
• creating new products or systems using existing materials,
and/or to develop techniques for processing materials.
•
• When materials scientists and engineers think of materials,
they are almost always referring to solid materials.
• These are the materials that we can use to build things!.
• From a practical standpoint, most graduates from Materials
programs are thus trained both as materials scientists and as
materials engineers.
• This is, of course, why we call the field “materials science
and engineering”
 2. Structure of a material

Structure of a material: relates to the arrangement of its internal

components.
Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms
and interactions with their nuclei
Microscopic structure Which contains large groups of atoms that are
normally agglomerated together
Macroscopic structural the elements that may be viewed with the
naked eye are termed.
• The property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude
of response to a specific imposed stimulus.

• Virtually all important properties of Solid materials may be

grouped into six different categories:
1) Mechanical
2) Electrical
3) Thermal
4) Magnetic
5) Optical
6) Deteriorative
 Mechanical properties :- relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples

include elastic modulus (stiffness), strength, and toughness.

 Electrical properties :- such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant.

 The thermal properties :- behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat

capacity and thermal conductivity.
 Magnetic properties :- demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a
magnetic field.
 Optical properties :- index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical
properties. the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation.
 Deteriorative characteristics :- relate to the chemical reactivity of materials
 Materials Properties
• Essentially all properties of solid materials can be grouped into one of six main categories:
3.The components of the discipline of materials science
and engineering and their interrelationship.

light-transmittance characteristics of aluminum oxide

1. Single crystal
2. Numerous and very small single crystals
3. Composed not only of many small,
interconnected crystals, but also of a large
number of very small pores or void spaces.
 Processing and Performance
• Materials science and engineering is the study of how the synthesis,
processing, structure, and properties of a material impact its performance.
Processing → Structure → Properties → Performance
• Structure refers to the arrangement of the
internal components.
• Synthesis refers to the manner in which a
material is made, either naturally or synthetically.
• Processing describes how a material is
shaped or how it is treated in order to impart
particular properties.
• Properties quantify how a material acts,
looks, and responds to an external stimulus
 4.WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?

 Designing problem involving materials

 The materials problem is one of selecting the right material
from the many thousands that are available.
 Selection consideration is any deterioration of material
properties that may occur during service operation.
 Economics consideration
Select best material for application
• Innovation: enable new design for
structures/appliances/engines/electronics...etc
• Engineers: compare and weigh properties of competing
materials with precision:
 Understand basic properties of materials
 How properties are controlled by processing
 How materials are formed, joined and finished
 Chain of reasoning that leads to successful choice.
 5. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
 Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic categories:
1) Metals
2) Ceramics
3) Polymers
4) Composites

--------------------------------------------------
 The Advance materials have been categorized as follows:
• (1) Semiconductors (2) Biomaterials
• (3) Smart materials (4) Nano engineered materials
5.1 Metals
 Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (e.g.,
iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel).Nonmetallic elements
(e.g., carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.
 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner
comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense
 With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff
and strong.
 Capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture
 Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity (Figure 1.7) and heat
desirable magnetic properties.
• Structure:
– Compose of metallic element(s) or metallic element plus
small percentage of non-metallic element.
– Atomic arrangement usually in ordered manner
(crystalline) and dense.
• Properties:
– Strong and ductile, high fracture toughness
– Good electrical and thermal conductivity
– Non-transparent and shine when polished
• Example:
– Iron (Fe), Aluminum (Al), Cupper (Cu), Gold (Au),
Mercury (Hg)
– Steel (Fe-C), Stainless steel (Fe-Cr-Ni-C), Bronze (Cu-Sn),
Brass (Cu-Zn),
 5.2 Ceramics
 Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are
most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
 Ceramic materials include aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3), silicon
dioxide (or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4).
 Traditional ceramics—those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as
well as cement and glass.
 Ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong— stiffnesses and strengths are
comparable to those of the metals.
 Ceramics have exhibited extreme brittleness (lack of ductility)
 Highly susceptible to fracture.
 Ceramic materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity.
• Structure:
– Compound between metallic and non-metallic element(s)
– Most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbide
• Properties:
– Stiff, strong , hard, brittle and susceptible for fracture.
– Low electrical and thermal conductivity
– Resistance to high temperature and harsh environment
• Example:
– Aluminum oxide (alumina, Al2O3), silicon oxide (silica, SiO2), silicon
carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), porcelain (clay), cement, and glass.
Ceramics
5.3 Polymers
 Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are
organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other
nonmetallic elements (i.e., O, N, and Si).
 Polymers have very large molecular structures, often chainlike in nature, that
often have a backbone of carbon atoms.
 These materials typically have low densities whereas their mechanical
characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic materials—
they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types.
 many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e., plastic).
 Polymers relatively inert chemically and One major drawback to the polymers is
their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures
 unreactive in a large number of environments
 Polymers have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.
 Polymers
Polymers
• Structure:
– Compose of organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen, and
other non metallic elements.
– Large molecular chain structures mostly carbon-chain.
• Properties:
– Low strength and stiffness, yet ductile and pliable.
– Low electrical and thermal conductivity
– Low density, soften at modest temperature, good chemical inertness
• Example:
– polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), poly vinyl
chloride (PVC), nylon, and rubber.
 Composites
• Structure:
– Compose of two or more components of metals, ceramics or
polymers, to combine the properties of each individual.
– Natural components can be added as composite components and
named as bio-composite or natural-composite.
• Properties:
– High stiffness, strong and flexible.
– Low electrical and thermal conductivity
– Low density
• Example:
– Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), fiberglass, concrete
Polymers
5.4 Composites
 A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come
from the categories previously discussed—metals, ceramics, and polymers ).
 The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is
not displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best
characteristics of each of the component materials.
 One of the most common and familiar composites is fiberglass, in which small
glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or
polyester). The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle),
whereas the polymer is more flexible. Thus, fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong
and and flexible. In addition, it has a low density.
 Another material is the carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite—carbon
fibers that are embedded within a polymer. These materials are stiffer and stronger than
glass fiber–reinforced materials, but more expensive. CFRP composites are used in
some aircraft.
Composites
6. ADVANCED MATERIALS

• Another materials category is the advanced materials that are used

in high-tech applications which are:
1) Semiconductors (having electrical conductivities intermediate
between conductors and insulators).
2) Biomaterials (which must be compatible with body tissues)
3) Smart materials (those that sense and respond to changes in their
environments in predetermined manners)
4) Nano-materials (those that have structural features on the order
of a nanometer, some of which may be designed on the
atomic/molecular level).
6.1 Semiconductors

Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate

between the electrical conductors (i.E., Metals and metal alloys)
and insulators(i.E., Ceramics and polymers)
The electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely
sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity
atoms, for which the concentrations may be controlled over very
small spatial regions.
6.2 Biomaterials
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the
human body to replace diseased or damaged body parts.
These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be
compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse
biological reactions).
All of the preceding materials—metals, ceramics, polymers,
composites, and semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials.
For example, some of the biomaterials that are utilized in artificial
hip replacements are discussed in the online Biomaterials Module.
6.3 Smart Materials
Materials are able to sense changes in their environment and then
respond to these changes in predetermined manners.
Components of a smart material (or system) include some type of
sensor (that detects an input signal), and an actuator (that performs a
responsive and adaptive function). Actuators may be called upon to
change shape, position, natural frequency, or mechanical
characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric fields,
and/or magnetic fields.
Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators: shape-
memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics magnetostrictive materials ,
and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluid .
6.3 Smart Materials
Materials are able to sense changes in their environment and then
respond to these changes in predetermined manners.
Components of a smart material (or system) include some type of
sensor (that detects an input signal), and an actuator (that performs
a responsive and adaptive function). Actuators may be called upon
to change shape, position, natural frequency, or mechanical
characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric fields,
and/or magnetic fields.
Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators: shape-
memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials,
and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluid
6.3 Smart Materials
 Shape-memory alloys are metals that, after having been
deformed, revert back to their original shape when temperature is
changed.
 Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an
applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate
an electric field when their dimensions are altered.
 The behavior of magnetostrictive materials is analogous to that of
the piezoelectrics, that they are responsive to magnetic fields.
 Electrorheological and magnetorheological fluids are liquids that
experience dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of
electric and magnetic fields, respectively.
6.4 Nanomaterial
Nanomaterials may be any one of the four basic types—metals,
ceramics, polymers, and composites. However, unlike these other
materials, they are not distinguished on the basis of their chemistry,
but rather, size; the nano-prefix denotes that the dimensions of these
structural entities are on the order of a nanometer ( m)—as a rule,
less than 100 nanometers (equivalent to approximately 500 atom
diameters) top-down” science
The development of scanning probe microscopes, which permit
observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become
possible to design and build new structures from their atomiclevel
constituents, one atom or molecule at a time
 Course Administration
Everything you need from me will be posted on Blackboard!

Make sure you have full understading to the course

Attendance and Participation

Final Grade Breakdown

10 % Coursework including quizzes and homework
40% Midterm Examination (on.....)
60 % Final Examination (on . . . . . .)
 Chose the Correct answer?
1- According to the origin, materials can be classified
to:
1- Natural 2- Man Made 3- Both 4- None of them
2- First metals to be discovered:
1- Copper and Gold 2- Iron and Stainless Steel
3- Copper and Silver 4- Silver and Gold
3- Ages are in order of appearance:
1- Stone, Bronze, Polymer and Iron 2- Stone, Bronze, Iron and Polymer
3- , Bronze, Polymer Stone and Iron 4- Polymer Stone, Bronze, and Iron
4- The most significant discovery in human civilization:
1- The fire 2- The cement 3- The elastomer 4- The ceramics

5- The performance of an object is controlled by:

1- Its structure 2- Its procedure of fabrication
3- Both 1and 2 4- Its properties

6- According to the size, materials can be classified to:

1- Micro-Scale 2- Macro-Scale 3- Nano-Scale 4- All above
7- Polymers are: 1- Strong 2- Ductile 3- Insulators
4- Soft 5- All above 6- 2, 3, and 4

8- Metals are: 1- Strong 2- Ductile 3- Insulators

4- Soft 5- All above 6- 1, and 2

9- Ceramics are: 1- Strong 2- Ductile 3- Insulators

4- Soft 5- All above 6- 1 and 3
10- Stone Age was characterized by: 1- The use of Poon
2- The use of Wood 3- The use of Stone
4- All above 1,2 and 3 5- The use of bronze

11. What type of bonding makes up ceramic materials?

1. covalent bonds 2. London dispersion forces
3. metallic bonds 4. ionic bonds
Answer the following questions
1. Look around your area and list down 10 products for each metals,
ceramics, and polymers.
2. Aluminum, glass and plastic are materials that currently used as
container for carbonated beverages, see Figure Q1. Please elaborate
the advantages and disadvantages of each materials as carbonated
baverage container.

Figure Q1
3. Name 6 types of materials properties together with its stimulus.

4. Mention in sequence manner, the four components of materials

science and engineering.
5 Name Group the following materials into its category:
1. For each material, indicate its material class.
quartz
Material Classes: steel
1. polymer Teflon®
aluminum
2. metal plywood
3. ceramic fiber glass
4. composite diamond
Zip Lock® bag material
paper clip
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
concrete
paper