Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
CPU Organization and
Structure
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Objectives
1. Understanding the Role and Function of the CPU
Description and importance
2. Exploring the Internal Organization of the CPU
Key components with brief descriptions
3. Differentiating Between Various Types of CPUs
Examples of each type
4. Examining CPU Performance Factors
List performance factors with explanations
5. Understanding the Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle
Step-by-step explanation of the cycle with a diagram
illustrating the process
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Introduction to the CPU
The CPU is the primary control center of the
computer.
Facilitates communication between software and
hardware
Executes tasks and processes data
What do you think is the most critical function
of the CPU?
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
CPU Organization
The CPU is organized with various components:
Control Unit
ALU
Registers (PC, IR, etc)
Buses
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Basic CPU Components
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
The Role of Control Unit
Directs overall functioning and fetches
instructions.
Fetching instructions from memory
Generating control signals
Why is the Control Unit crucial for CPU
operations?
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
The Role of ALU
Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction
Logical: AND, OR, NOT, XOR
List as many operations of the ALU
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Internal Memory Unit (Registers)
Storage locations within the CPU.
Program Counter (PC)
Accumulator
Instruction Register (IR)
Memory Address Register (MAR)
Memory Buffer Register (MBR)
Instruction Buffer Register (IBR)
Why is having fast access to data and
instructions important for CPU performance?
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Cache Memory
High-speed memory close to the CPU.
Levels:
L1 Cache
L2 Cache
L3 Cache
How does cache memory enhance CPU performance?
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Cache Memory
A small, high-speed memory located inside or
close to the CPU. Different levels include:
L1 Cache: Smallest and fastest, located within the
CPU.
L2 Cache: Larger but slower than L1, can be within the
CPU or on a separate chip.
L3 Cache: Even larger and slower, shared among
multiple cores in a multi-core processor.
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
System design without cache memory
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
System design with multi-level cache memory
Three level cache organization
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Buses
Links between CPU and other components.
Types:
Address Bus
Data Bus
Control Bus
Provide a diagram showing the data flow between CPU
and components
Label the Buses in a provided diagram.
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Data Flow Between CPU and Components
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Input / Output Devices
Facilitates data input and output.
Examples:
Keyboard, Mouse (Input)
Monitor, Printer (Output)
Identify input and output devices in your daily
use and discuss their importance in groups.
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Clock
Controls timing and speed of CPU functions.
Function:
Regulates operations' timing and speed
How does clock speed affect overall CPU
performance?
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle
Fundamental functions of the CPU.
Cycle:
Fetch: Getting the instruction
Decode: Interpreting the instruction
Execute: Performing the instruction
Store: Saving the result
Walk through an example instruction cycle.
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Features of CPU
Factors affecting CPU performance.
Features:
Cache Memory
Cores
Speed
Multithreading
Compatibility
Bandwidth
Research and present on each one of the features listed.
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Types of CPU
Different types of CPUs for various applications.
Types:
Single-Core CPUs
Multi-Core CPUs
Microcontroller Units (MCUs)
System on Chip (SoC)
Server and Workstation CPUs
Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)
Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)
Which type of CPU is the best for modern computing needs?
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Impact of CPU Architecture on System Performance
Understanding the influence of CPU architecture.
Factors:
Clock Speed
Instructions Per Cycle (IPC)
Throughput
Latency
Analyze how different architectures affect
performance in real-world scenarios.
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Chapter Summary
Recap of key points.
Points:
Importance of the CPU
Major components and their functions
Performance factors
How has your understanding of the CPU changed after
this lesson?
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Think about a real-life application of the CPU
knowledge gained and discuss it with a partner.
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Practice Questions
1. Which component of the CPU is responsible for carrying out logical operations?
A) Control Unit (CU)
B) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
C) Program Counter (PC)
D) Instruction Register (IR)
2. What type of memory is closest to the CPU and provides the fastest access to frequently used data?
A) Main Memory (RAM)
B) Cache Memory
C) Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
D) Registers
3. Which bus is used to send memory addresses from the processor to other components?
A) Data Bus
B) Control Bus
C) Address Bus
D) System Bus
4. What is the primary function of the Control Unit (CU) in the CPU?
A) Perform arithmetic operations
B) Store temporary data and instructions
C) Direct the operation of the processor
D) Fetch instructions from memory
5. In a multi-core processor, each core can independently process its own set of instructions.
A) True
B) False
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Practice Questions
6. Differentiate between registers and cache memory
7. Explain the fetch-decode-execute cycle and its
importance in CPU operations. Provide an example
to illustrate the process.
8. Discuss the role and importance of cache memory in
enhancing CPU performance. Include an explanation
of the different levels of cache memory.
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Practice Questions
9. Compare and contrast single-core and multi-core CPUs. Provide
scenarios where multi-core processors offer significant
advantages over single-core processors.
10. Explain the significance of registers within the CPU and name at
least three types of registers along with their functions.
11. Discuss the impact of CPU architecture on system performance,
considering factors such as clock speed, instructions per cycle
(IPC), and memory hierarchy.
Friday, July 25, 2025
Computer Architecture (ITE 123)
Friday, July 25, 2025
