Activity
What does a Clenched Fist
symbolizes?
A clenched
fist may
convey
Anger.
What does a Red Rose
symbolizes?
A red rose may convey
Romance or Love.
What does the colors in a
Traffic Light symbolize?
Red – Stop
Green - Go
Yellow - Ready
Media and
Information
Languages
Objectives:
❖ Discuss the media
languages
❖ Illustrate/draw the different
symbols
Media Languages
- are codes, conventions,
formats, symbols and narrative
structures that indicate the
meaning of media messages
to an audience
CODES
Codes
- are systems of signs that
when put together create
meaning
* Semiotics - study of signs
Types of Codes:
SYMBOLIC CODES
WRITTEN CODES
TECHNICAL CODES
SYMBOLIC CODES
- show what is beneath the surface
of what we see (objects, setting,
body language, clothing, color, etc.
) or iconic symbols that are easily
understood
WRITTEN CODES
- use of language style and textual
layout (headlines, captions, speech
bubbles, language style, etc. )
TECHNICAL CODES
-Are ways in which equipment is used
to tell the story
-This includes sound, camera angles,
types of shots and lighting as well as
camera techniques, framing, depth of
field, lighting, exposure and
juxtaposition.
Examples
Headlines
Captions
Speech Bubbles
ACTIVITY
Form 4 groups.
What to do?
Think of a company name and
illustrate or draw its OWN
symbol/sign/icon, make sure that
it is not copied nor plagiarized
from the Internet or other sources.
Draw it on a bond paper.
What to do?
You must also include an
explanation of the symbol /
logo used as well at its
function, purpose or meaning.
Start Now …
Camera Shots
EXTREME LONG SHOT
- Also called extreme wide shots
such as a large crowd scene
or a view of scenery as far as
the horizon
EXTREME LONG SHOT
LONG SHOT
- a view of a situation or setting
from a distance
LONG SHOT
MEDIUM LONG SHOT
- shows a group of people in
interaction with each other,
example: fight scene with part of
their surroundings in the picture
MEDIUM LONG SHOT
FF5
FULL SHOT
- a view of a figure’s entire body in
order to show action and/or a
constellation group of characters
FULL SHOT
Maureen
Wroblewitz
MEDIUM CLOSE SHOT
- shows a subject down to his/her
chest/waist
MEDIUM CLOSE SHOT
Maureen
Wroblewitz
CLOSE UP SHOT
- a full-screen shot of a subject’s
face showing the finest
nuances of expression
CLOSE UP SHOT
Pia Wurtzbach
EXTREME CLOSE UP SHOT
- a shot of a hand, eye, mouth, or
any object in detail
EXTREME CLOSE UP SHOT
Camera Shots:
Extreme Long Shot
Long Shot
Medium Long Shot
Full Shot
Medium Close Shot
Close-up Shot
Extreme Close-up Shot
Point of View
Establishing Shot
- often used at the beginning of a
scene to indicate the location or
setting, it is usually a long shot
taken from a neutral position
Establishing Shot
What does this shot means ?
Point-of-View Shot
- Shows a scene from the
perspective of a character or one
person. Most newsreel footages
are shown from the perspective of
the newscaster.
Point-of-View Shot
Over-the-Shoulder Shot
- Often used in dialogue scenes, a
frontal view of a dialogue partner
from the perspective of someone
standing behind and slightly to the
side of the other partner, so that
parts of both can be seen
Over-the-Shoulder Shot
Reaction Shot
- Short shot of a character’s
response to an action
Reaction Shot
Insert Shot
- A detail shot which quickly gives
visual information necessary to
understand the meaning of a
scene
Insert Shot
Reverse-Angle Shot
- a shot from the opposite
perspective
Reverse-Angle Shot
Hand-held Camera Shot
- The camera is not mounted on a
tripod and instead is held by the
cameraperson, resulting in less
stable shots
Hand-held Camera Shot
Point of View:
Establishing Shot
Point-of-View Shot / POV Shot
Over-the-Shoulder Shot
Reaction Shot
Insert Shot
Reverse-Angle Shot
Hand-Held Camera shot
Camera Angles
Aerial Shot
- Overhead Shot
- Also called Bird’s Eye Shot
- Long or extreme long shot of the
ground from the air
Aerial Shot
High-Angle Shot
- Shows people or objects from
above higher than eye level
High-Angle Shot
Low-Angle Shot
- Below Shot
- Shows people or objects from
below, lower than eye level
Low-Angle Shot
Eye-Level Shot
- Straight-on Angle
- Views a subject from the level of a
person’s eye
Eye-Level Shot
Camera Angles
Aerial Shot
High-Angle Shot
Low-Angle Shot
Eye-Level Shot
Camera
Movements
Pan Shot
- The camera pans (moves
horizontally) from left to right or
vice versa across the picture
Pan Shot
Tilt Shot
- The camera tilts up (moves
upwards) or tilts down (moves
downwards) around a vertical line
Tilt Shot
Tracking Shot
- The camera follows along next
to or behind a moving object or
person
Tracking Shot
Zoom
- The stationary camera
approaches a subject by
“zooming in” or moves farther
away by “zooming out”.
Zoom
Zoom
Camera Movements:
Pan Shot
Tilt Shot
Tracking Shot
Zoom
CONVENTIONS
CONVENTIONS
- Refers to a standard or norm
that acts as a rule
governing behaviour.
- Are generally established and
accepted ways of doing
something.
Conventions are accepted
ways of using media codes.
Conventions are closely connected to
the audience expectations of a media
product. Different types of conventions
include form conventions, story
conventions and genre conventions.
Form conventions
-are the certain ways we expect types of
media codes to be arranged. For instance, an
audience expects to have a title of the film at
the beginning, and then credits at the end.
Newspapers will have the headline or the
most important news on the front page and
sports news on the back page.
Story conventions
are common narrative
structures and understandings that
are common in story telling media
products. Examples of story
conventions include: Narrative
structures, Cause and effect,
Character construction, and Point of
View.
Genre conventions
point to the common use
of images, characters, settings or
themes in a particular type of
medium. Genre conventions are
closely linked with audience
expectations. Genre conventions
can be formal or thematic.
Types of Signs
A. Regulatory Signs
– signs that inform road users of
traffic laws and regulations which, if
disregarded, will constitute an
offense
1. Priority Signs, like Stop sign, Give way
sign, Left turner must give way
2. Direction Signs
3. Prohibitive / Restriction Signs
4. Speed Signs
5. Parking Signs
6. Miscellaneous Signs
B. Warning signs
– Signs used to warn motorists of
potentially hazardous conditions on or
adjacent to the road. It advises
motorists of road conditions that require
caution and may call for a reduction in
speed, in the interest of safety and that
of other road users.
1. Horizontal signs
2. Intersection signs
3. Advance Warning/ Traffic Control
Device Signs
4. Road Width Signs
5. Road Obstacle Signs
6. Pedestrian School Signs
What is Genre?
Genre is a French word which means
“kind” or “class”. The original Latin word
is “genus” and means a class of things
that can be broken down into
subcategories. The primary genres that
media and information industry consider
are the following in broad strokes: news,
information, education, entertainment,
and advertising
AUDIENCE
- the group of consumers for whom
the media message was constructed
as well as anyone else who is
exposed to the message
News
These are stories that
have critical importance to
community and national life. Like
the storytelling of fictional dramas,
news stories are also told following
the basic structure of beginning,
middle, and end.
Major Division of News Stories Employed by
Journalists (Sub-genres in delivering news)
1. Hard news (straight news) –
It is usually found in the first page of a
newspapers or make up the headline of
a regular episode of primetime news.
Hard news values two
elements:
Seriousness and Timeliness.
Seriousness – means topics or issues that are critical to the
lives of the community and the body politics.
Timeliness – It is the stories that cover current events and the
current peace negotiations, the outbreak of war, a
significant public statement issued by a leader or a situation
of current crisis.
Major Division of News Stories Employed by
Journalists (Sub-genres in delivering news)
2. Soft news
– It is also called human interest stories.
The journalist is able to relax in
presenting soft news. This include
lifestyle news, travel news, articles
offering the best way to do something.
Major Division of News Stories Employed by
Journalists (Sub-genres in delivering news)
3. Features
– The feature stories are extensions of
soft news in a sense that the human
interest angle is played up and
presented in a longer and elaborate
format.
Major Division of News Stories Employed by
Journalists (Sub-genres in delivering news)
4. Opinion and Editorial.
Opinion against hard news are reserved for editorials
and opinion columns. Columns are opinion articles
and editorials express an individual or organizational
point of view.
Editorials can serve many purposes, it can argue for a
certain issue and calls on a person or an entity to act
on the issue or respond to the clamor of the citizens.
Major Division of News Stories Employed by
Journalists (Sub-genres in delivering news)
5. Investigative News (reporting)
– It has a very specific relation to power because it
focuses in finding, reporting, and presenting news
which the authorities try to conceal. It is to expose
wrong doing, questionable transactions or shady deals
brokered by those in power, there is the more
compelling need to be more in-depth and analytical
with the facts that are uncovered in a process that
usually takes longer than conventional news reporting..
Advertisements
are messages that are created to sell
a product or services.
Three established broad
sub-genres of Advertising
1. Hard-sell advertisements. These are commercial in nature and
utilizes explicit messages to get the consumers to purchase a
product or patronize service.
2. Soft-sell advertisements. These are associate in nature. A
major soda company associates its product with the happiness
derived from family togetherness.
3. Infomercial –Derived from the word “information” and
“commercials” combine the need to inform or educate and the
intent to sell a product. Advocacy groups use infomercials to
send messages.
Entertainment
It derives from the French word
“entretenir” which means ‘ to
hold the attention, keep you
busy, or amused,”.
According to Turow, he identified four
Entertainment subgenre which are
festival, drama, gaming and comedy
Role of Genre in Understanding Media Messages
-Genre helps audiences-
readers and viewers- to understand
the text by merely looking at those
signs that you can recognize and
interpret
PRODUCERS
- People engaged in the process of
creating and putting together media
content to make a finished media
product
Activity
Activity 3: Inform Me
Directions: Search for videos tackling infomercial selling the
Philippines as tourist destination. Below are guide questions
and write your answer in a short bond paper.
1. What are the codes and conventions used in advertising that
are applied in this short infomercial?
2. How does it represent the Philippines, the “product” it is trying
to sell?
3. What create tools were used?
4. How did everything blend?
5. Was it successful in selling the “product”?
6. Did the media creators introduce innovations to the
established codes and conventions of advertising?
Activity 4:
Directions: Answer the following questions
briefly on 1 whole sheet of paper.
1. Are codes in media messages intentionally
embedded or are merely incidental? Explain your
answer.
2. Why do films and other audio-visual media employ
codes?
3. How are codes utilized to frame certain message and
lead audience to a particular understanding of a text
or message?
