Animation
Prepared by,
B.Maaithili
Assistant Professor,
Department of Information Technology,
Saiva Bhanu Kshatriya college, Aruppukottai
Animation
• It makes static presentations come alive
• It is visual change over time and can add great
power to our multimedia
The Power of Motion
• Visual effects such as wipes, fades, zooms, and
dissolves are available in most multimedia
authoring packages, and some of these can be
used for primitive animation.
• Animation is an object actually moving across
or into or out of the screen
• Eg :a spinning globe of our earth;
Principles of Animation
• Animation is possible because of a biological
phenomenon known as persistence of vision and a
psychological phenomenon called phi.
Persistence of vision :
It is an optical illusion where the human eye
perceives the continued presence of an image after it
has disappeared from view. ( It is also known as
Retinal Persistence)
Phi:
It is an illusion that arises when an objects are
placed side be side and illuminated rapidly one after
another.
Principles of Animation
• a series of images that are changed very slightly
and very rapidly, one after the other, to seemingly
blend together into a visual illusion of movement.
• The illustration shows a few cels, or frames, of a
rotating logo.
• When the images are progressively and rapidly
changed, the arrow of the compass is perceived to
be spinning.
Animation by Computer
1) 2-D space
• the visual changes that bring an image alive
occur on the flat Cartesian x and y axes of the
screen.
• simple and static, not changing their position
on the screen.
Animation by Computer
2 ) Path Animation in 2-D space
• increases the complexity of an animation and
provides motion,
• changing the location of an image along a
predetermined path (position) during a specified
amount of time (speed).
• Authoring and presentation software such as
Flash or PowerPoint provide user-friendly tools to
compute position changes and redraw an image
in a new location.
• Eg: a bouncing ball
Animation by Computer
3 ) 21/2-D
• an illusion of depth (the z axis) is added to an image
through shadowing and highlighting, but the image
itself still rests on the flat x and y axes in two
dimensions.
• Embossing, shadowing, and highlighting provide a
sense of depth by raising an image or cutting it into a
background.
Animation by Computer
4 ) 3-D
• software creates a virtual realm in three dimensions,
• changes (motion) are calculated along all three axes
(x, y, and z),
• allowing an image or object that itself is created with
a front, back, sides, top, and bottom to move toward
or away from the viewer,
• around and get a look at all the object’s parts from all
angles.
• rendered frame by frame by high-end
Animation Techniques
• create an animation, organize its execution into
a series of logical steps.
• First, gather all the activities we wish to provide
in the animation.
• Choose the animation tool
• include creating objects, planning their
movements, texturing their surfaces, adding
lights, experimenting with lighting effects, and
positioning the camera or point of view.
Cel Animation
• This animation techniques made by Disney
• The term cel derives from the clear celluloid sheets that
were used for drawing each frame
• A minute of animation may thus require as many as
1,440 separate frames, and each frame may be
composed of many layers of cels.
• Cel animation artwork begins with keyframes (the first
and last frame of an action).
• The series of frames in between the keyframes are drawn
in a process called tweening.
• Tweening is an action that requires calculating the
number of frames between keyframes and the path the
action takes
Computer Animation
• It use the same logic and procedural concepts used
in cel animation
• Object is automatically generated by the software
2-D Animation :
• An animator simply creates an object and
describes a path for the object to follow.
• each frame of an animation is provided by the
animator, and the frames are then composited into
a single file of images to be played in sequence.
Computer Animation
3-D Animation:
• create the models of individual objects and
designing the characteristics of their shapes and
surfaces.
• And, then computes the movement of the objects
within the 3-D space and renders each frame, in the
end stitching them together in a digital output file
(Eg: AVI )
• Output files are delivered as “pre-rendered” digital
video clips.
Computer Animation
Kinematics :
• is the study of the movement and motion of structures that have joints,
eg : a walking man
• It is used to calculate the position, rotation, velocity, and acceleration
of all the joints and articulated parts involved
Inverse kinematics:
• is the process by which link objects such as hands to arms and define
their relationships and limits (for example, elbows cannot bend
backward).
Morphing:
• One image transforms into another.
• The morphed images were built at a rate of eight frames per second,
with each transition taking a total of four seconds (32 separate images
for each transition), and the number of key points was held to a
minimum to shorten rendering time.
• Setting key points is crucial for a smooth transition between two
images.
Animation File Formats
• Director (.dir and .dcr),
• AnimatorPro (.fli and .flc),
• 3D Studio Max (.max),
• GIF89a (.gif), and
• Flash (.fla and .swf)
Making Animations That Work
• Animation catches the eye and makes things
noticeable
• Multimedia authoring systems provide tools to
simplify creating animations within that
authoring system,
• tool for creating multimedia animations for
Macintosh and Windows environments and
for the Web is Adobe’s Flash.
