WORK STUDY

Unit-2
 Syllabi
• UNITII WORK STUDY
9
• Method study, basic procedure-Selection-Recording of process - Critical analysis,
Development - Implementation - Micro motion and memo motion study – work
measurement - Techniques of work measurement - Time study - Production study - Work
sampling - Synthesis from standard data - Predetermined motion time standards.
 Objective and Outcome
• Objective
• To apply the concept of product planning

• Outcome
• CO2:The students can able to prepare product planning
 Work Study
• Work study is the term used in Great Britain while in the USA it is called
Time and Motion Study.
• Both concerned with discovering the best ways of doing jobs and with establishing time and output standards
based upon such methods.

• The time and motion study (or time-motion study) is a business efficiency
technique that combines the Time Study work of Frederick Winslow
Taylor with the Motion Study work of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
• It is a major part of scientific management (Taylorism).
• Time study developed in the direction of establishing standard times
• Motion study evolved into a technique for improving work methods.
 Definition
• Work study is a technique used in production planning and
control to improve the efficiency of a firm by identifying
and eliminating wasteful operations.
• It involves analyzing a job or process to find the most
efficient way to perform it, and to determine a standard
time to complete it.
• Work study is made up of two areas of study: method study
(motion study) and time study (work measurement).
 Method Analysis
• Job design often begins with a method analysis of an
overall operation. It might be called as a macro-view of
the job.
• It then moves from the general to specific details of the
job, concentrating on arrangement of the workplace and
movements of the worker.
• It can be a good source of productivity enhancement.
• Method Study: Whereas method study helps us eliminate
unnecessary movement.
 Method Analysis
• Method study is the systematic recording and
critical examination of existing and proposed
ways of doing work in order to develop and apply
easier and more effective methods and to reduce
costs.
• It is used to improve processes and procedures, plant layout, design
of plant and equipment; to reduce human effort and fatigue, use of
materials, machines and manpower, and to develop better physical
and working environments.
 Drivers of Method Analysis
• Changes in tools and equipment.
• Changes in product design, or new products.
• Changes in materials or procedures.
• Government regulations.
• Other factors (e.g. Accidents, quality problems)
 Application of Method
Analysis
Methods analysis is done both for existing jobs and new
jobs.
• For an existing job, the analyst observe the job as it currently
being done and then devise improvements.
• For a new job, the analyst rely on a description of the job and an
ability to visualize the operation in advance.
Procedure in method analysis
1. Select - Identify operation to be studied and collect all essential facts
regarding tools, equipment, materials, etc.
2. Record - For existing job, discuss the job with operator and supervisor to
get their views/ inputs.
3. Examine - Study and document the present method of an existing job with
the help of process chart.
4. Develop – The most practical, economical and effective method considering
all the circumstances
5. Define - new methods.
6. Install the new method.
7. Maintain - Follow up installation to ensure improvement.
Select
Recording Technqiues
Critical Analysis
Development
Implementation
Maintain
Micro and Macro Motion Study
Micro Motion Study
Micro Motion Study
Memo Motion Study
 Work Measurement
Work measurement establishes the time a qualified worker needs to carry
out a specified job at a defined level of performance.
Standard Time: Amount of time it should take a qualified worker to
complete a specific task, working at a sustainable rate, using given
methods, tools and equipment, raw material and workplace arrangements.

Work measurement helps in investigating, reducing

and subsequently eliminating ineffective time, during
which useful work is not being performed.
 Steps – Work Study
• Select the job or process to be studied
• Record all details about the job
• Examine the recorded facts
• Develop the most economical method
• Measure the amount of work involved and calculate a standard time
• Define the new method and standard time
• Install the new method and standard practice
• Maintain the new standard practice
Work Measurement - Techniques
 Time Study
• A work measurement technique for recording the times
and rates of working for the elements of a specified job
carried out under specified conditions and for analyzing
the data so as to determine the time necessary for
carrying out the job at the defined level of performance.
• In other words measuring the time through stop watch is
called time study.
 TIME STUDY
• Some of the objectives of time study are as follows:
• To identify the time required by an individual to do a job
• To establish a basis for comparing operational effectiveness
• To compare different work methods for choosing the best method
• To determine the standard cost
• To provide a basis for setting incentive wages
• To establish the completion schedules for individual operations
 TIME STUDY
• Select a job that needs to be studied: Select a job
based on the following factors:

New job in production

Change in the method used for performing a job
Change in resources, such as materials and
machines, used for performing a job
High labour cost
Established standard time for performing a job
 TIME STUDY
• Calculate the time taken for performing a job, using
a stop watch:
In this step, the organisation determines the time taken to perform a
job by using the following sub-steps:
• Collect all information related to the job, worker and working
conditions.
• Record the work method used for performing a job.
 TIME STUDY
• Repetitive Element: This element occurs in every cycle of the job.
• Occasional Element: This element occurs after a regular interval of time.
• Constant Element: This element’s normal time remains the same.
• Variable Element: This element’s normal time varies.
• Manual Element: This element is performed manually.
• Machine Element: This element is performed with the help of machines.
• Governing Element: This element requires more time to perform as
compared to the other elements.
• Foreign Element: This is an unnecessary element of a job.
 TIME STUDY
• Relaxation Allowance (RA): This allowance is provided to a worker to avoid
fatigue, which could be due to physical exertion, posture, working conditions
and personal needs. RA varies from 10 to 20 percent of normal time and is
also known as Personal Fatigue on Delay (PFD) allowance.

• Contingency Allowance (CA): This allowance is provided for non-repetitive

activities, such as getting materials from retail stores, polishing of tools, and
consultation from a supervisor. CA is about 5 percent of normal time.

• Process Allowance: This allowance is provided to a worker for his/her

idleness, which is the result of the production process. For example, workers
employed on an automated machine get process allowance.
 Work Sampling
• A technique in which a large number of observations are
made over a period of time of one or group of machines,
processes or workers.
• Each observation records what is happening at that
instant and the percentage of observations recorded for a
particular activity, or delay, is a measure of the percentage
of time during which that activities delay occurs.
 Synthetic Data
• A work measurement technique for building up the time
for a job or plans of the job at a defined level of
performance by totalling element times obtained
previously from time studies on other jobs containing the
elements concerned or from synthetic data.
 Predetermined Motion Time
Study (PMTS)
• A work measurement technique whereby times
established for basic human motions (classified according
to the nature of the motion and conditions under which it
is made) are used to build up the time for a job at the
defined level of performance.
• The most commonly used PMTS is known as Methods
Time Measurement (MTM).
 Analytical Estimating
• A work measurement technique, being a development of
estimating, whereby the time required to carry out
elements of a job at a defined level of performance is
estimated partly from knowledge and practical experience
of the elements concerned and partly from synthetic data.