Lecture 2
Control Systems –
Terminologies and Examples
Dr. D. Saravanakumar,
Associate Professor,
Centre for Automation,
Vellore Institute of Technology - Chennai Campus.
Email: [email protected]
17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 1
Terminologies
System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.
Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system
configuration that will provide a desired response.
Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and
output relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the
process.
Input Process Output
17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 2
Terminologies
Controlled Variable– It is the quantity or condition that is measured
and Controlled. Normally controlled variable is the output of the control
system.
Manipulated Variable– It is the quantity of the condition that is
varied by the controller so as to affect the value of controlled variable.
Control – Control means measuring the value of controlled variable of
the system and applying the manipulated variable to the system to
correct or limit the deviation of the measured value from a desired
value.
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Terminologies
Manipulated Variable
Input
or Output
Set point Controller Process Or
or Controlled Variable
reference
Disturbances– A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect
the value of the system. It is an unwanted input of the system.
• If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is
called internal disturbance. While an external disturbance is
generated outside the system.
17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 4
Basic Elements of a Feedback Control System
Error signal
Control variable Manipulated
e=Ysp-Ym
variable
Comparator
Set Point/ + Final Control Process/
Desired Controller
- Element System
value Ysp Actual/
Measured value
Ym
Measurement
system
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Control Systems - History
Greece (BC) – Float regulator mechanism
Holland (16th Century)– Temperature regulator
Water-level float regulator
Watt’s Flyball Governor
(18th century)
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Control Systems - History
• 18th Century James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed
control of a steam engine.
• 1920s Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships.
• 1930s Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the stability of
controlled systems
• 1940s Frequency response methods made it possible to design
linear closed-loop control systems
• 1950s Root-locus method due to Evans was fully developed
• 1960s State space methods, optimal control, adaptive control and
• 1980s Learning controls are begun to investigated and developed.
• Present and on-going research fields. Recent application of modern
control theory includes such non-engineering systems such as
biological, biomedical, economic and socio-economic systems
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Examples of Modern Control Systems
(a) Automobile steering
control system.
(b) The driver uses the
difference between the
actual and the desired
direction of travel
to generate a controlled
adjustment of the
steering wheel.
(c) Typical direction-of-
travel response.
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Examples of Modern Control Systems
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Examples of Modern Control Systems
17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 10
Examples of Modern Control Systems
17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 11
Examples of Modern Control Systems
17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 12
Examples of Modern Control Systems
17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 13
Examples of Modern Control Systems
Aircraft control system
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Motor Speed Control – Open loop
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Motor Speed Control – Closed loop
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