JSPM’s

Jayawantrao Sawant College of

Engineering, Pune
Department of
Artificial Intelligence & Data Science

Unit I

Fundamentals of Computer Network

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• CO1: Describe the responsibilities, services offered and protocol used at application

layer of network.

• TLO1: Explain the basics of Client Server Paradigm and Peer to Peer Paradigm

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Client-server model

• The Client-server model is a distributed application structure that partitions task or

workload between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service
requesters called clients.
• In the client-server architecture, when the client computer sends a request for data to
the server through the internet, the server accepts the requested process and deliver

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the data packets requested back to the client. Clients do not share any of their
resources.
• Examples of Client-Server Model are Email, World Wide Web, etc.

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Client-server model

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How the Client-Server Model works ?
• Client: When we talk the word Client, it mean to talk of a person or an organization using a
particular service. Similarly in the digital world a Client is a computer (Host) i.e. capable of
receiving information or using a particular service from the service providers (Servers).
• Servers: Similarly, when we talk the word Servers, It mean a person or medium that serves

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something. Similarly in this digital world a Server is a remote computer which provides
information (data) or access to particular services.

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Advantages of Client-Server model:

• Centralized system with all data in a single place.

• Cost efficient requires less maintenance cost and Data recovery is possible.
• The capacity of the Client and Servers can be changed separately.

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Disadvantages of Client-Server model:
• Clients are prone to viruses, Trojans and worms if present in the Server or uploaded into
the Server.
• Server are prone to Denial of Service (DOS) attacks.
• Data packets may be spoofed or modified during transmission.

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• Phishing or capturing login credentials or other useful information of the user are
common and MITM(Man in the Middle) attacks are common.

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Peer to Peer Paradigm
• P2P is a file-sharing technology, allowing the users to access mainly the multimedia
files like videos, music, e-books, games, etc.
• The individual users in this network are referred to as peers.

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• The peers request files from other peers by establishing TCP or UDP connections.

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How P2P works
A peer-to-peer network allows computer hardware and software to communicate without
the need for a server.
Unlike client-server architecture, there is no central server for processing requests in a P2P
architecture.

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The peers directly interact with one another without the requirement of a central server.

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 How P2P works
• when one peer makes a request, it is possible that multiple peers have a copy of that
requested object.
• Now the problem is how to get the IP addresses of all those peers.
• This is decided by the underlying architecture supported by the P2P systems.

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• By means of one of these methods, the client peer can get to know about all the peers
which have the requested object/file and the file transfer takes place directly between
these two peers.

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How P2P works
Three such Architectures exist:

• Centralized Directory
• Query Flooding

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• Exploiting Heterogeneity

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 Prof.M.K.Gawali
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1.Centralized Directory
• It is somewhat similar to client-server architecture in the sense that it maintains a huge
central server to provide directory service.
• All the peers inform this central server of their IP address and the files they are making
available for sharing.

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• The server queries the peers at regular intervals to make sure if the peers are still
connected or not.
• So basically this server maintains a huge database regarding which file is present at
which IP addresses.

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 2. Query Flooding
• Unlike the centralized approach, this method makes use of distributed systems.
• In this, the peers are supposed to be connected to an overlay network. It means if a
connection/path exists from one peer to another, it is a part of this overlay network.
• In this overlay network, peers are called nodes, and the connection between peers is

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called an edge between the nodes, thus resulting in a graph-like structure.

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3. Exploiting heterogeneity

• This P2P architecture makes use of both the above-discussed systems.

• It resembles a distributed system like Gnutella because there is no central server for
query processing.
• The peers with higher bandwidth and network connectivity are at a higher priority and

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are called group leaders/super nodes. The rest of the peers are assigned to these super
nodes.
• These super nodes are interconnected and the peers under these super nodes inform
their respective leaders about their connectivity, IP address, and the files available for
sharing.
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• Video Link :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTaCLXMmDQM

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References:
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/p2ppeer-to-peer-file-sharing/

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/Peer-to-Peer-Computing

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• https://
www.computerworld.com/article/2588287/networking-peer-to-peer-network.html

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