Work, Power & Energ

COMPILED BY: MS. C.MATROOS

Examination GUIDELINES
Examination GUIDELINES
Who is doing more work?
 WORK
Work done on an object by a constant force F as F Δx cos θ , where F is the magnitude of the
force, Δx the magnitude of the displacement and cos θ the angle between the force and the
displacement.

Work= force x displacement x Cos θ

W= F Δxcos θ

SI Units:
Force: F [N]
Displacement: Δx
[m] Work W [J]
1J = 1 kg·m·s-2
 Example 1: how to calculate work
To calculate work done on an object, we need: Table of Variables:
The Force Force = +1000 N
The average magnitude of the force Displacement = +0.8 m
The direction of the force Force is positive due to pushing upward
The Displacement Displacement is positive due to moving
The magnitude of the change of position upward
The direction of the change of position

Example X Select the equation and solve

During the ascent phase of a rep of the W =F Δx cosθ

bench press, the lifter exerts an average
vertical force of 1000 N against a barbell Work =( +1000N )×( +0.8m )
while the barbell moves 0.8 m upward
How much work did the lifter do to the Work =800Nm ⇒ 800Joule ⇒ 800J
barbell?
 HOW TO DETERMINE cosƟ, the angle
between the force and the displacement.

The force is Force and the

Force and the displacement
perpendicular to displacement are in
are in the same direction
direction of the opposite direction
displacement

W=FΔxcos if Ɵ= 00
then Cos00 = 1 When θ = 900
Cos 900 = 0 When θ = 1800
Then W = F Δx Cos 900 Cos 1800 = -1
W= F Δx
F Δx (0)= 0 Then W = Ff Δx Cos1800
= Ff Δx (-1)
W = - Ff Δx
Example 1
A man cleaning a frictionless floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a force of magnitude
F = 50 N at an angle of 30° with the horizontal (Fig. below). Calculate the work done
by the force on the vacuum cleaner as the vacuum cleaner is displaced 3 m to the
right
Solution:
• Step 1: Identify all the forces acting on the object
(Applied force, normal force and force of gravity).

• Step 2:We must draw a free body diagram

From the free body diagram we can see that the

normal force and the gravitational force do not do
work because they are acting perpendicularly
(90° ) to the direction of the displacement.
The only force doing work is the applied force F

• Step 3: Using the general equation

Example 2
The sketch below shows a wooden block on a horizontal surface and 5 forces acting on it.
Calculate the work done by each force and the work done by the net force when the block
has covered 3 m.
solution
Example 3
A block of mass 2 kg is being pulled up a frictionless inclined plane by a force, F = 20 N,
applied through a rope parallel to the plane. The plane makes an angle of 30° with the
horizontal. The block is pulled a distance of 1,8 m along the plane. Calculate the work done
by the net force on the block.
solution
We must draw the free body diagram and a coordinate system if there are forces acting
not in the direction of the axis like gravitational force then we have to determine its
components.
 + & - work
The work done by a force can then be positive or negative.

Energy transferred to the object is positive work

and energy transferred from the object is negative
work. • Negative work is performed when the direction
of the force and the direction of motion are the
opposite
• descent phase of the bench press
• catching
• landing phase of a jump
Work is defined as energy transfer, energy is a
scalar quantity and the sign indicates whether
energy was increased or decreased.
Positive net work done on a system will increase
the energy of the system and negative work done
on the system will decrease the energy of the
system.
How to calculate : Wnet

The net work done on a particle

by a constant net force
(Fnet) acting on it equals the
change in kinetic energy of the
particle.
This is known as the
work-energy theorem (work-
kinetic energy theorem):
The net/total work done on
an object is equal to the
change in the object's
kinetic energy
Example 4: How to calculate Wnet
method 1
A crate of mass 30 kg is placed at point A on a rough inclined plane that makes an angle 25 0 with
the horizontal. The crate slides down from rest and travels a distance 'd' before it reaches the
bottom (point B), with a speed of 2 m·s-1 . The crate experiences a constant frictional force of
100 N while sliding down from point A.
Solution:
Example 5: How to calculate Wnet
A 6 kg block slides with a constant velocity of 4 m.s -1 on a horizontal surface. It hits a rough
surface, causing a constant force of friction of magnitude 15 N. The block slides 2 m under the
influence of this force of friction, until it moves up in Incline plane which makes an angle of 30º with
the horizontal, as indicated on the diagram below.
Solution:
 Conservative and non-conservative forces.
A conservative force is as a force for which the work done in moving an object
between two points is independent of the path taken.
Examples are gravitational force, the elastic force in a spring and electrostatic forces
(coulombic forces).

A non-conservative force as a force for which the work done in moving an object
between two points depends on the path taken.
Examples are frictional force, air resistance, tension in a chord, etc.

The principle of conservation of mechanical energy

state that: The total mechanical energy (sum of
gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy)
in an isolated system remains constant.
Example :
A 60 kg skier with an initial speed of 12 m∙s-1 coasts up a 2,5 m high rise as shown in the
figure. Find her final speed at the top, given that the coefficient of friction between her
skis and the snow is 0,08.
(Hint: Find the distance travelled up the incline assuming a straight-line path as shown in
the figure.)
solution
POWER
Power as the rate at which work is done or energy is expended.
when an
object moves
EXAMPLE 1 : at a constant
Calculate the power expended when a barbell of mass speed along a
100 kg is lifted to a height of 2,2 m in a time of 3 s. rough
horizontal
surface or a
rough inclined
plane.
LET’S GET TO WORK!!!!