Unit-III

Design of Deep Foundation

By. Prof. N. S. Mehta (Assistant Professor)

Department of Civil Engineering

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 Introduction

• When the soil at or near the ground surface is not capable of supporting
structure, deep foundations are required to transfer the loads to Deeper strata.
• Deep foundations are, therefore used when surface soil is unsuitable for shallow
foundation, and a firm stratum is so deep that it cannot be rich economically by
shallow foundations.
• They are also used in normal ground conditions to resist heavy uplift forces and
horizontal forces as in foundations of multi-storeyed buildings, transmission line
towers, retaining walls and bridge abutments.
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• The most common types of deep foundations are pile, pier and caisson.
• Piles are relatively long and slender members used to transfer loads through
weak soil or water to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity.
• Pier is a vertical column of relative larger cross-section then a pile. A Cast in situ
pile greater than 0.6 m diameter is generally termed as a pier.
• Caisson is a hollow watertight box or chamber, which is sunk through the
ground for laying foundation under water.

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Necessity of pile foundation

• When the strata at or just below the ground surface is highly compressible
and very weak to support the load transmitted by the structure.
• When the plan of structure is irregular relative to its outline and load
distribution. It would cause non uniform settlement if a shallow foundation
is constructed. A pile foundation is required to reduce differential settlement.
• Pile foundations are required for transmission of structural loads through
deep water to a firm stratum.

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• Pile foundations are used to resist horizontal forces in addition to support
the vertical loads in earth retaining structures and tall structures that are
subjected to horizontal forces due to wind and earthquake.
• Piles are required when the soil conditions are such that a wash out,
erosion or scour of soil may occur from underneath a shallow foundation.
• Piles are used for the foundations of some structures, such as
transmission towers, offshore platforms which are subjected to uplift.
• In case of expansive soil, such as black cotton soil, which swell or shrink
as the water content changes, piles are used to transfer the load below the
active zone.
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Classification of pile foundation

Classification of pile foundation according to

1. Material Used
2. Mode of load transfer of load
3. Method of construction
4. Based on use
5. Based on displacement of soil

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 Material Used

1. Steel piles
2. Concrete piles
3. Timber piles
4. Composite piles

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 Mode of load transfer of load

1. End bearing pile

2. Friction pile
3. Combined end bearing and
friction pile
4. Tension pile
5. Compaction pile
6. Negative skin friction pile
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 Method of construction

1. Driven pile
2. Driven and cast-in-situ pile
3. Bored and cast-in-situ pile
4. Screw pile
5. Jack piles

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 Based on use
1. Load bearing pile
2. Compaction pile
3. Tension pile
4. Sheet pile
5. Fender pile
6. Anchor Pile

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 Based on displacement of soil

1. Displacement pile
2. Non-displacement pile

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Load Carrying Capacity of Pile

1. Static Method
2. Dynamic Method
3. In-Suit Penetration Test
4. Pile Load Test

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Static Method
The static formula are based on the assumption that the ultimate
bearing capacity of a pile is the sum of total ultimate point of resistance
and total ultimate skin friction

𝑄𝑢𝑝 =𝑅𝑝 + 𝑅 𝑓
𝑄𝑢𝑝 = 𝐴 𝑝 .𝑟 𝑝 + 𝐴 𝑠 .𝑟 𝑓

Where = area of cross-section of pile on which bearing resistance acts.

= bearing capacity of soil at the pile tip.
= Surface area of pile upon which the skin friction acts
= average skin friction

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1. For Cohesive soil

Where α= adhesion factor

= average cohesion along the length of pile
c = average undrain cohesion of soil at pile tip
= bearing capacity factor for deep foundation

𝑄𝑢𝑝 = 𝐴 𝑠 .𝑟 𝑓 + 𝐴𝑝 .𝑟 𝑝

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Table : The value of Factor

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Figure : Bearing capacity factor
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 The allowable load for the pile is given by dividing the by a
suitable factor of safety F.

𝑄 𝑎=𝑄𝑢𝑝 / 𝐹

𝑸 𝒂 = 𝑨 𝒔 .(α 𝒄 )+ 𝑨 𝒑 . ¿ ¿

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2. For Non-cohesive soil

(For Circular Piles)

(For rectangular or square piles)

Where K = coefficient of lateral earth pressure

Φ = angle of internal friction
= density of soil
Z = depth of center of gravity of the pile below ground surface
q = surcharge on ground
B = least lateral dimension of rectangular or square pile
= bearing capacity factor for deep foundation

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Figure : Meyerhof Bearing capacity factor

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 The allowable load for the pile is given by dividing the by a suitable
factor of safety F.

𝑄 𝑎=𝑄𝑢𝑝 / 𝐹
For Circular Pile
𝑄 𝑎 = 𝐴 𝑠 .( 𝐾 𝑡𝑎𝑛 Φ( γ 𝑍 +𝑞) )+ 𝐴 𝑝 . ¿ ¿

For Rectangular Pile

𝑄 𝑎= 𝐴𝑠 .(𝐾 𝑡𝑎𝑛Φ(γ 𝑍+𝑞) )+ 𝐴𝑝 . ¿¿

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clay with = 40 kN/m2. Taking α = 0.7, determine the load carrying capacity
Ex. A square pile of section 50 X 50 cm and 10 m long penetrate a deposit of

of pile by skin friction. Consider factor of safety 1.5 for the calculation

Solution
Section : 0.5 X 0.5 m
Soil Type : Clay (Cohesive Soil)
= 40 kN/m2
α = 0.7
𝑄𝑢𝑝 = 𝐴 𝑠 .( α 𝑐)/ F
¿ [ ( 0.5 × 10 × 4 ) × ( 0.7 × 40 ) ] / 1.5
¿ 373.33 𝑘𝑁

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with = 40 kN/m2 , C = 30 kN/m2. Taking α = 0.7, Nc = 9. determine the load carrying
Ex. A circular pile of section 100 cm diameter and 10 m long penetrate a deposit of clay

capacity of pile by skin friction and bearing resistance. Consider factor of safety 2 for the
calculation

Solution
Section : 1 m diameter
Soil Type : Clay (Cohesive Soil)
= 40 kN/m2
C = 30 kN/m2
α = 0.7
Nc = 9
𝑸 𝒂 = 𝑨 𝒔 .(α 𝒄 )+ 𝑨 𝒑 . ¿ ¿
]/2
¿ 545.57 𝑘𝑁
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Dynamic Method
The load carrying capacity of a driven pile can be estimated from the
resistance against penetration develop during driving operation. When
the pile hammer hits the pile, the total driving energy is equal to the
weight of hammer times the height of drop.

 Following are some of the dynamic formula

1. Engineering News Formula

2. Hiley’s Formula

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1. Engineering News Formula

The Engineering News formula was proposed by A.M. Wellington

(1818) in the following term.

Where = Allowable load S = Penetration per blow

W = Weight of hammer (Kg) C= Empirical Constant
H = Height of fall (cm) C = 2.5 cm for drop hammer
F = factor of safety C = 0.25 cm for single and double
acting hammer
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2. Hiley’s Formula
Indian standard IS: 2911(Part-I) 1964 gives the following formula based on
the Hile’s formula
ηh 𝑊𝐻 η𝑏
𝑄𝑓=
𝐶
𝑆+
(For the case of W>eP) 2
𝑄𝑓
(For the case of W<eP) 𝑄 𝑎=
𝐹
Where = Ultimate load on pile S = Penetration per blow in cm

W = Weight of hammer (Kg) C= Empirical Constant

H = Height of fall (cm) C = 2.5 cm for drip hammer
= Efficiency of hammer C = 0.25 cm for single and double acting hammer
= Efficiency of hammer blow e = coefficient of restitution
P = weight of pile
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Ex. A reinforced concrete pile weighing 30 kN is driven by a drop hammer weighing 40 kN
and having an effective fall of 0.8 m. The average set per blow is 1.4 cm. The total
temporary elastic compression is 1.8 cm. Assuming coefficient of restitution as 0.25 and a
factor of safety of 2, determine the ultimate bearing capacity and the allowable load for
the pile.

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In-situ Penetration test
The load carrying capacity of a pile can be determined from the
results of in-situ standard penetration test value (N).
I. For Driven pile in sand

II. For bored pile in sand

Where = point resistance (kN/m2) B = width (diameter) of pile

D = Length of pile actual penetration in to the granular soil

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Pile load test
The most reliable method for determining the load carrying capacity
of a pile is the pile load test.

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 The test pile should be at least 3B or 2.5 m clear from the anchor pile.
 The test is conducted after 3 days in sandy soil and 1 month in soft
clays.
 Load is applied in equal increment of about 20 % of the allowable load.
 Each stage of loading is maintained till the rate of movement of the pile
top is not more than 0.1 mm per hour in sandy soil and 0.02 mm per
hour for clayey soil or a maximum of two hours.

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 Settlements are observed at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 60 Minutes.
 The loading should be continued up to twice the safe load or the load at
which the total settlement reaches a specified value.
 The load is removed in the same decrements at 1 hour interval and the
final rebound is recorded 24 hours after the entire load has been
removed.
 Under the load, the net settlement should be not be more than 20 mm
or the gross settlement should not be more than 25 mm.

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Safe Load for Single Pile
IS: 2911 (Part-4) – 1985
Cl. 6.1.5
Page No. 8

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Safe Load for Group of Pile
IS: 2911 (Part-4) – 1985
Cl. 6.1.6
Page No. 9

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Group Action of Pile

 In case of eccentric loading pile may fail

structurally due to bending stresses.
 The loads are usually transferred to the
pile group through a reinforced concrete
slab, structurally tied to the pile top such
that the pile act as a one unit.
 The slab is known as a pile cap.

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 The load carrying capacity of pile group is not
necessarily equal to sum of the capacity of
individual pile.
 When the piles are spaced a sufficient distance
apart, the group capacity approach the sum of
the individual capacities.
 If the pile are closely spaced, the stresses
transmitted by the pile to the soil may overlap,
and this may reduce the load carrying capacity
of piles.
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 The efficiency () of a group of piles is defined as the ratio of the ultimate
load of the group to the sum of individual ultimate loads.

Where = Ultimate load of the group

= Ultimate load of the individual pile
N = Number of pile in a group

 The group efficiency depends upon the spacing of the pile. Ideally the
spacing should be such that the efficiency is 100 %. Generally, the centre
to centre spacing is kept between 2.5 B and 3.5 B, where B is the
diameter of pile.
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Pile Group in sand and gravel
 For piles driven in loose and medium dense cohesionless soils, the group
efficiency is high.
 The soil around and between the piles is compacted due to vibration caused
during the driving operation. For better results, it is essential to start driving
the piles at the centre then work outward

End –Bearing Pile 𝑄 𝑔= 𝑁 𝑄 𝑢

 In this case, the load taken by the group is much greater than the sum of the
individual capacities, and the pile fail as individual pile

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Friction Pile
𝑁 𝑄𝑢
𝑄 𝑔= 𝑔
100

Converse-Lebarre Equation

𝑔 =1 −
[ 𝑚𝑛 ]
( 𝑛 −1 ) 𝑚+ ( 𝑚 −1 ) 𝑛
×

90

Where m = numbers of rows of pile

n = numbers of piles in row
q =
B = diameter of pile
s = centre to centre spacing of pile

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Bored Pile
 For bored piles in sand at conventional spacing of 3B, the group
capacity is taken as 2/3 to 3/4 times the sum of individual
capacities for both the end-bearing and the friction piles.

(
2
3
3
)
𝑄 𝑔 (𝑢 )= 𝑡𝑜 ( 𝑁 𝑄 𝑢 )
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 In bored piles, there is limited densification of the sand
surrounding the pile group. Consequently, the efficiency is lower.

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Pile Group in clay
 As the pile group acts as a block, its ultimate capacity is determined
by adding the base resistance and the shaft resistance of the block.
 The group capacity of piles block is given by.
𝑄 𝑔 (𝑢 )=𝑞 𝑝 ( 𝐴 𝑔 ) +α 𝑐 ( 𝑃 𝑔 𝐷 )
Where:
= Unit point resistance
= Base area of the block
= Perimeter of the block
D = Depth of the block
α = Adhesion factor
c = Undrained condition

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 The group capacity considering the piles as a individual pile is given
by
𝑄 𝑔= 𝑁 𝑄 𝑢

 The safe load of pile group is

𝑸 𝒈 𝒖= 𝑨 𝒔 .(  𝒄 )+ 𝑨 𝒑 . ¿ ¿

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Ex. A pile group consist of 9
friction pile of 30 cm diameter and
10 m length driven in clay as 10 m

shown in figure. Take cu = 100

kN/m2,  = 20 kN/m3. Determine
the safe load for the group 0.75 m
1.8 m
considering Fs = 3 and  = 0.6 0.75 m

0.75 m 0.75 m

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The group capacity of the block

=(9 x 100)(1.8 x 1.8) + (0.6 x 100) (4 x 1.8 x 10)

=7236 kN

The individual pile capacity

=(9 x 100) (0.785 x 0.32) + (0.6 x 100) (π x 0.3 x 10)

= 628.8 kN

𝑄 𝑔= 𝑁 𝑄 𝑢
=(628.8 x 9) = 5659.2 kN

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As the ultimate load for individual pile failure is less than the pile group
load, the safe load is given by

5659.2
𝑄 𝑎= =1886.4 𝑘𝑁
3

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Settlement of Pile Group
 The settlement of pile group of friction pile can be computed on the
assumption that the clay contained between the top of the piles and
their lower third point is incompressible and that the load is applied to
the soil at this lower third point of the pile.

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Settlement of Pile Group

Clayey Soil

Where H = thickness of the layer

e0 = initial void ratio
= initial stress at centre of the layer (=Z)
Z = depth of the centre of the layer below ground
= additional stress due to piles (= total pile load Q divided by the area of
spread at the centre of the layer

Total settlement = 1 + 2 + 3 + --- + n.

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 9.4 𝑞 √ 𝐵𝑔 𝐼
Cohesionaless Soil 𝑆𝑔=
𝑁

Where = settlement of pile group (mm)

q = load intensity (= )
= width of the group
I = influence factor (=1-)
D = length of pile
N = corrected standard penetration number

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