Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
CEE-232
Mechanics of Solids Sessional
(1.0 credit)
Course Teacher
Ahad Ullah
Lecturer
Department Civil & Environmental Engineering
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
The term beam stiffness designates the resistance of a material to deformation in the
elastic range. Stiffness of the ductile materials is measured by the modulus of
elasticity.
Navier’s assumption is under a uniform bending moment initially plane and parallel
cross section remain plane during bending and converge on a common center of
curvature .
Two-point loading scheme is adopted in the laboratory ensuring a region of pure
bending between the point of loads. The two points loading are easily measurement
strain at various distance.
2
Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
Timber is a product of nature and therefore is liable to a wide variation in strength and
stiffness from one variety to the other. Timber is an anisotropic material i.e.; its properties
are not the same for different orientation of axis. Timber has its greatest usable strength in
tension and in bending. Timber is slightly stronger in tension than in compression.
The most economical beam is the one with least cross-sectional
area and consequently the least weigh per foot of length. In
general, for a given area, a deeper beam is stronger than a
shallower one.
.
3
Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
Assumptions in theory of Simple Bending:
(1) The beam is initially straight and every layer of it is free to extend or contract & bends into a circular arc
(2) The material is a homogeneous, isotropic & elastic continuum
(3) Young’s Modulus is same in tension and compression.
(4) The beam material obeys Hooke’s law and stresses are within elastic limits.
(5) Plane section remains plane even after bending
(6) The radius of curvature is large compared to depth of beam
(7) Beam deformation due to shear effects is neglected
(8) Effects of localized (concentrated) loads are neglected
(9) The beams bends about one of its principal axes
(10) Stresses are induced only in the longitudinal direction of the beam
4
Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
1. Objectives :
To find the top and bottom fiber stresses.
To find the modulus of elasticity and flexural rigidity of the beam.
To evaluate the failure patterns due to bending.
2. Apparatus:
Universal Testing Machine with beam testing accessories
Measuring tape
strain gauge or deflectometer
3. Specimen:
Timber Beam
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ASTM D143 Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
4. Procedure:
Measure the dimension of the beam such as span length, width and depth.
Place the beam over the platform of beam testing accessories of UTM with supports
at two ends.
Make three-point flexure loading system to ensure a region of bending between the
point loads.
6
Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
P = Applied load.
L = Effective span of the beam.
E = Modulus of Elasticity of wood.
I = Moment of inertia
δ = Mid-span deflection under the
load.
Take from the load-
deflection graph from the
Simply supported beam with one-point load
tangent at maximum slope
7
Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
Take from the load-
deflection graph from the
tangent at maximum slope Simply supported beam with two-point load
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Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
FAILURE PATTERN
Failure patterns of timber under bending (image from ASTM D
9
143)
Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
4. Procedure:
Apply the load at regular interval and record the applied load and corresponding
deflection (loading should be kept within such limit so that the beam stresses
remain elastic).
Calculate bending stresses using the relation:
Draw the Load vs. Deflection curve from which obtains the value of “E” using
the relationship:
Here, EI= flexural rigidity
10
Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
5. Experimental Data:
Parameter Value
Depth of the beam
Width of the beam
Span of the beam
Load Vs Extension Data
No Load(N) Deflection (mm) Remarks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
6. Graph
• Draw load vs. deflection curve
• Draw SFD, BMD and Deflection curve of the
beam
7. Calculation
• Bending stress,
• Deflection,
• Modulus of Elasticity, (take from the graph)
8. Results:
Output parameters Values
Maximum tensile stress
Maximum compressive stress
Modulus of elasticity (E)
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Flexural rigidity of the section
Exp: Static bending test of timber beam
9. Discussion
10. Assignment
1. What is the central deflection of a simply supported beam under
concentrated load?
2. Why beams are provided with depth lager than width?
3. What is Navier’s assumption?
4. What is the benefit of two points loading over one point loading?
