Day 1: Data Network
Engineers(BS-16 PPSC Exam
Prep)
OSI MODEL
The OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) Model is a
framework for understanding how data
travels across a network.
The 7 Layers (From Bottom
to Top)
Example
Layer Name Function Protocols/
Devices
User
Applicatio interfaces & HTTP, FTP,
7
n network SMTP
services
Data
translation,
Presentati SSL, JPEG,
6 encryption,
on MPEG
compressio
n
Manages
connections NetBIOS,
The 7 Layers (From Bottom
to Top)
Ensures end-to- TCP, UDP
end
4 Transport
communication
(reliability)
Logical
3 Network addressing & IP, ICMP, Router
routing
Framing, MAC
2 Ethernet,
Data Link addressing,
Switch
error detection
Raw bit
Hub, Repeater,
1 Physical transmission
Cables
over a medium
Please Do Not Throw
Sausage Pizza Away
(PHYSICAL → DATA LINK
→ NETWORK →
TRANSPORT → SESSION →
PRESENTATION →
APPLICATION)
1.Which OSI layer is responsible for
error detection and frame
synchronization?
a) Physical
b) Data Link ✅
c) Network
d) Transport
Explanation: The Data Link Layer
(Layer 2) ensures error detection
(CRC) and frame synchronization
(MAC addresses).
2. What is the purpose of the
Network Layer (Layer 3)?
a) Encrypts data
b) Routes packets between networks
✅
c) Establishes end-to-end
connections
d) Transmits raw bits over a medium
Explanation: The Network
Layer handles logical addressing
(IP) and routing (RIP, OSPF).
3. Which device operates at
the Physical Layer (Layer 1)?
a) Switch
b) Router
c) Hub ✅
d) Firewall
Explanation: A Hub is a Layer 1
device that simply forwards electrical
signals without intelligence.
4. What is the default subnet mask
for 192.168.1.1?
) 255.0.0.0
b) 255.255.0.0
c) 255.255.255.0 ✅
d) 255.255.255.255
Explanation: 192.168.1.1 is a Class
C address, so its default mask
is 255.255.255.0.
5. How many bits are in an
IPv6 address?
a) 32
b) 64
c) 128 ✅
d) 256
Explanation: IPv6 uses 128-bit
addresses (compared to IPv4’s 32-
bit).
6. Which topology has a
central node connecting all
devices?
a) Bus
b) Ring
c) Star ✅
d) Mesh
Explanation: A Star Topology has
a central hub/switch connecting all
nodes.
7. What does CIDR stand
for?
a)Classless Inter-Domain Routing ✅
b) Classful Internet Domain Routing
c) Centralized Internet Data Routing
d) Controlled Inter-Domain Routing
Explanation: CIDR allows flexible
subnetting beyond traditional
classful networks.
8. Which protocol resolves IP
addresses to MAC addresses?
a)DNS
b) DHCP
c) ARP ✅
d) ICMP
Explanation: ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol) maps IP →
MAC addresses.
9. What is the loopback IP
address in IPv4?
a) 127.0.0.1 ✅
b) 192.168.1.1
c) 10.0.0.1
d) 169.254.1.1
Explanation: 127.0.0.1 is used
for local host testing.
10. Which network device
operates at Layer 3?
a) Switch
b) Router ✅
c) Hub
d) Repeater
Explanation: A Router works at
the Network Layer (Layer 3) for IP
routing.
Which layer of the OSI model is
responsible for logical
addressing?
a) Physical
b) Data Link
c) Network ✅
d) Transport
Explanation: The Network layer
handles logical addressing (IP
addresses).
