UNIT 5:Introduction to other

visualization tools:
plotly in Python
Sea Born library in Python
 What is Plotly?
• Python Plotly Library is an open-source library that can be used for data
visualization and understanding data simply and easily.
• Plotly supports various types of plots like line charts, scatter plots, histograms,
cox plots, etc.
• Why Plotly over other visualization tools or libraries?
– Plotly has hover tool capabilities that allow us to detect any outliers or
anomalies in a large number of data points.
– It is visually attractive that can be accepted by a wide range of audiences.
– It allows us for the endless customization of our graphs that makes our plot
more meaningful and understandable for others.
Package Structure of Plotly
• There are three main modules in Plotly. They are:
– plotly.plotly
– plotly.graph.objects
– plotly.tools
• plotly.plotly acts as the interface between the local machine and Plotly.
– It contains functions that require a response from Plotly’s server.
• plotly.graph_objects module contains the objects (Figure, layout, data,
and the definition of the plots like scatter plot, line chart) that are
responsible for creating the plots.
• The Figure can be represented either as dict or instances of
plotly.graph_objects.Figure and these are serialized as JSON before it gets
passed to plotly.js. Consider the below example for better understanding.
 Bar Plot using Plotly
• A bar chart presents categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or
lengths proportional to the values that they represent.
• Bars can be displayed vertically or horizontally. It helps to show comparisons
among discrete categories.
• One axis of the chart shows the specific categories being compared, and the
other axis represents a measured value.
• Example:
– Following example plots a simple bar chart about number of students
enrolled for different courses.
– The go.Bar() function returns a bar trace with x coordinate set as list of
subjects and y coordinate as number of students.
Bar Plot: Example
• import plotly.graph_objs as go
• langs = ['C', 'C++', 'Java', 'Python', 'PHP']
• students = [23,17,35,29,12]
• data = [go.Bar( x = langs, y = students )]
• fig = go.Figure(data=data)
• iplot(fig)
 Bar Plot: Example 2
• To display a grouped bar chart, the
barmode property of Layout object
must be set to group.
 Bar Plot: Example
• To display a grouped bar chart, the
barmode property of Layout object
must be set to stack.
 Pie using Plotly
• A Pie Chart displays only one series of data.
• Pie Charts show the size of items (called wedge) in one data series,
proportional to the sum of the items.
• Data points are shown as a percentage of the whole pie.
• The pie() function in graph_objs module – go.Pie(), returns a Pie
trace.
• Two required arguments are labels and values.
• import plotly.graph_objs as go
• langs = ['C', 'C++', 'Java', 'Python', 'PHP']
• students = [23,17,35,29,12]
• trace = go.Pie(labels = langs, values = students)
• data = [trace]
• fig = go.Figure(data = data)
• iplot(fig)
Sea Born Library
• Seaborn is an amazing visualization library for statistical
graphics plotting in Python.

• It provides beautiful default styles and color palettes to

make statistical plots more attractive.

• It is built on top matplotlib library and is also closely

integrated with the data structures from pandas.
Different categories of plot in Seaborn
• Relational plots: This plot is used to understand the relation
between two variables.
• Categorical plots: This plot deals with categorical variables and
how they can be visualized.
• Distribution plots: This plot is used for examining univariate and
bivariate distributions
• Regression plots: The regression plots in Seaborn are primarily
intended to add a visual guide that helps to emphasize patterns in
a dataset during exploratory data analyses.
• Matrix plots: A matrix plot is an array of scatterplots.
• Multi-plot grids: It is a useful approach to draw multiple
instances of the same plot on different subsets of the dataset.
Bar Plot using Seaborn Library
• seaborn.barplot() method is used to draw a
barplot.
• Parameters : This method is accepting the following
parameters that are described below :
• x, y : This parameter take names of variables in data or
vector data, Inputs for plotting long-form data.
• hue : (optional) This parameter take column name for
colour encoding.
• data : (optional) This parameter take DataFrame, array, or
list of arrays, Dataset for plotting. If x and y are absent,
this is interpreted as wide-form. Otherwise it is expected to
be long-form.
• color : (optional) This parameter take matplotlib color,
Color for all of the elements, or seed for a gradient palette.
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

df = sns.load_dataset('titanic')

# class v / s fare barplot

sns.barplot(x = 'class', y = 'fare', data = df)

# Show the plot

plt.show()
Scatter Plot using Seaborn library
• Scatterplot can be used with several
semantic groupings which can help to
understand well in a graph.

• They can plot two-dimensional graphics that

can be enhanced by mapping up to three
additional variables while using the semantics
of hue, size, and style parameters.
Parameters:
• x, y: Input data variables that should be numeric.

• data: Dataframe where each column is a variable and each row is an observation.

• size: Grouping variable that will produce points with different sizes.

• style: Grouping variable that will produce points with different markers.

• palette: Grouping variable that will produce points with different markers.

• markers: Object determining how to draw the markers for different levels.

• alpha: Proportional opacity of the points.

import seaborn

seaborn.set(style='whitegrid')
fmri =
seaborn.load_dataset("fmri")

seaborn.scatterplot(x="timepoin
t",
y="signal",
hue="region
",
style="even
t",
data=fmri)
 R language
• R is a popular programming language used for statistical computing and
graphical presentation.
• Its most common use is to analyze and visualize data.
• It is a great resource for data analysis, data visualization, data science and
machine learning
• It provides many statistical techniques (such as statistical tests,
classification, clustering and data reduction)
• It is easy to draw graphs in R, like pie charts, histograms, box plot, scatter
plot, etc++
• It works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux)
• It is open-source and free
 Data Visualization using R
• Bar Plot
– Use the barplot() function to draw a vertical bar chart.
• Example:
– # x-axis values
x <- c("A", "B", "C", "D")

# y-axis values
y <- c(2, 4, 6, 8)

barplot(y, names.arg = x)
• The x variable represents values in the x-axis (A,B,C,D)
• The y variable represents values in the y-axis (2,4,6,8)
• Then we use the barplot() function to create a bar chart of the
values
• names.arg defines the names of each observation in the x-
axis.
• Other parameters
– Use the col parameter to change the color of the bars.
– To change the bar texture, use the density parameter,
density=10.
– If you want the bars to be displayed horizontally instead of
vertically, use horiz=TRUE
• Pie Plot
– Use the pie() function to draw pie charts.
– By default, the plotting of the first pie starts from the x-
axis and move counterclockwise.
– The size of each pie is determined by comparing the value
with all the other values, by using this formula:
• The value divided by the sum of all values: x/sum(x)
• Example:
– # Create a vector of pies
x <- c(10,20,30,40)

# Display the pie chart

pie(x)
• We can change the start angle of the pie chart with the init.angle parameter.
• The value of init.angle is defined with angle in degrees, where default angle
is 0.
• Use the label parameter to add a label to the pie chart, and use the main
parameter to add a header.
• Example:
– # Create a vector of pies
x <- c(10,20,30,40)

# Create a vector of labels

mylabel <- c("Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates")

# Display the pie chart with labels

pie(x, label = mylabel, main = "Fruits")
• We can add a color to each pie with the col parameter.
• Example:
– # Create a vector of colors
colors <- c("blue", "yellow", "green", "black")

# Display the pie chart with colors

pie(x, label = mylabel, main = "Fruits", col = colors)
• To add a list of explanation for each pie, use the legend() function.
– The legend can be positioned as either:
• bottomright, bottom, bottomleft, left, topleft, top, topright, right, center
• Example:
– # Create a vector of labels
mylabel <- c("Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates")

# Create a vector of colors

colors <- c("blue", "yellow", "green", "black")

# Display the pie chart with colors

pie(x, label = mylabel, main = "Pie Chart", col = colors)

# Display the explanation box

legend("bottomright", mylabel, fill = colors)