DEVELOPMENT -
PRINCIPLES & ITS NORMAL
DEVELOPMENT
BY Dr. ABINAYA.G
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
PEDIATRICS
DEVELOPMENT
• Maturation of function
• Acquisition of skills
• Due to myelination of neurons
RULES OF DEVELOPMENT
• Development is a continuous process; orderly manner
• Depends on maturation of central nervous system
• The sequence of attainment of milestones- same in all
children
• progresses in cephalocaudal direction; proximal to distal
• Certain primitive reflexes have to be lost before relevant
milestones are attained.
• Disorganised mass activity is gradually replaced by specific
actions
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT
• Gross motor milestones
• Fine motor milestones
• Social milestones
• Language milestones
GROSS MOTOR
• 3 mths – neck holding
• 5 mths – sitting with support
• 8 mths – sitting without support
• 9 mths –standing with support
• 10 months – cruising
• 12 mths – standing without support
• 14 mths – walking without support
• 18 mths – running
• 24 mths (2 yrs) – walking upstairs (2 feet/step)
• 3 yrs- rides tricycle; alternate feet going upstairs
• 4 yrs-hops
• 5 yrs- skips
FINE MOTOR
Hand eye coordination:
• 4 mths – tries to grasp red ring dangling in front but may
overshoot
• 5 mths – reaches out & grasps object with ulnar side
• 6 mths – radial grasp, transfers objects from hand to hand
• 10 mths – immature pincer grasp
• 12 months-mature pincer grasp
Hand-mouth coordination:
1 yr – tries to feed with spoon but may spill
• 15 mths – feeds with spoon
• 18 mths – feeds self from cup
FINE MOTOR
Hand skills: Book:
• 13 mths – turn 2-3 pages at a time
• 24 mths – turns 1 page at a time
Scribbling:
• 12-24 mths – scribbles
• 2 yrs – copies vertical line
• 2 ½ yrs –copies horizontal line
• 3 yrs – circle
• 4 yrs – cross, rectangle
• 5 yrs – copies cross, triangle
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• 1 mth - regards face of mother/caretaker
• 2 mth - social smile
• 3 mths - recognises mother/caretaker
• 6 mths - enjoys mirror; stranger anxiety
• 7-8 mths - separation anxiety
• 9 mths - waves bye-bye
SOCIAL
• 12 months- comes when called; plays simple ball game
• 15 months- Jargon speech
• 18 months- Copies parent’s task
• 2 years- ask for food,drink
• 3 years- knows full name and gender
• 4 years-plays in group, goes to toilet alone
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT:
• 1 month - turns head towards sound
• 3-5 months - vowel sounds(cooing)
• 6 months - monosyllables
• 9 months - bisyllables
• 10 months - understands spoken speech
• 12 months - speaks 1-2 words with meaning
• 18 mths - 8- 10 words (20 words)
• 24 months(2 yrs) - 2-3 words in a short sentence
• 3 yrs- ask questions
• 4 yrs- tell stories
THANK YOU
