Basics of Networking

S.K.V
Basics of Networking
Networking began its infancy in the mid -1960’s.
by the US Department of Defence (DoD).

The original intention of networking was being

developed to withstand a nuclear war.

Telephone networks were too vulnerable and would

terminate all conversations should a nuclear war
occur.
Basics of Networking

WE ARE DEALING WITH MACHINES INSTEAD OF

PEOPLE IN TODAY’S WORLD. OUR PRIVACY IS
AFFECTED AND ALMOST ALL OF OUR PERSONAL
INFORMATION CAN BE FOUND IN
THE “VIRTUAL WORLD” .
Basics of Networking
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
was created in response with the launching of
the Sputnik in 1957.
ARPA decided that a DoD(Department of
Defence)network should be packet-switched
networked consisting of a subnet and host
computers.
Experimental network research was awarded to
UCLA, UCSB, SRI and Univ. of Utha in 1969. These
areas were because they all had a large number
of ARPA contracts.
Basics of Networking
These 4 universities also had different and completely
incompatible host computers.

ARPANET protocols were not suitable for running over

multiple networks, so TCP/IP model and protocols
were invented in 1974.

ARPA awarded several other contracts and specifically

Univ.. of California at Berkeley to integrate the
protocols with the Berkeley UNIX.
 Basics of Networking
Berkeley developed a convenient program interface
to the network and wrote many applications, utility,
and management programs to make networking easier.

In it early infancy, the OSI protocols were crushed and

the TCP/IP protocols were already in widespread use.

The OSI Model had seven layers because at the time,

IBM had a propriety seven -layer protocol called
SNA (Systems Network Architecture).
Basics of Networking
At the time, IBM dominated the computer companies
and every was scared to death that IBM would use
its clout to force everyone to use SNA.

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) was to be

produced like an IBM-reference model.

The OSI model became the world standard and was

not controlled by one company, but by a neutral
organization, ISO (International Standards Association).
Advantage of Network
1. Hardware & Software resources are
shared
2. Seamless flow of Information & data
3. Access to server storing data &
information any time from anywhere
4. Group ware applications possible
5. Better return on IT investment
 Basics of Networking
TYPES OF NETWORKS
LAN – LOCAL AREA NETWORK This system spans on a small
area like a small office or home. The computer systems are
linked with cables. In LAN system computers on the same site
could be linked
MAN – METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK It spans a physical area
larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN
is typically owned and operated by a single entity such as a
government body or large corporation.
WAN – WIDE AREA NETWORK is a type of networking where a
number of resources are installed across a large area such as
multinational business. Through WAN offices in different
countries can be interconnected. The best example of a WAN
could be the Internet that is the largest network in the world.
 Basics of Networking

The study of network topology recognizes seven

basic topologies
1. Point-to-point topology
2. Bus (point-to-multipoint) topology
3. Star topology
4. Ring topology
5. Tree topology
6. Mesh topology
7. Hybrid topology
Point-to-Point Topology
• Point-to-point (PTP)
topology connects two
nodes directly together. The
following examples are pure
point to point links:
• Two computers communicating
via modems.
• A mainframe terminal
communicating with a front
end processor.
• A workstation communicating
along a parallel cable to a
printer.
Bus Topology
• In a Bus topology, all devices
attach to the same transmission
medium. The medium has a
physical beginning and end.All
buses are implemented using
electrical cable, usually coax,
and the ends of the cable must
be terminated with a
terminating resistor that
matches the impedance of the
cable. The terminating resistor
prevents data reflections from
coming across as data
corruption. The bus is
considered a multipoint system
because all devices tap into the
same backbone cable.
Star Topology
• The star topology is a popular
method of connecting the
cabling in a computer network.
In a star, each device connects
to a central point via a point-to-
point link. Depending on the
logical architecture used,
several names are used for the
central point including the
following:
• Hub
• Multipoint Repeater
• Concentrator
• Multi-Access Unit (MAU)
Ring Topology
• The Ring Topology is a
physical, closed loop consisting
of point-to-point links. In the
diagram you can see how each
node on the ring acts as a
repeater. It receives a
transmission from the previous
node and amplifies it before
passing it on.
Tree topology

 A tree topology combines

characteristics of linear bus and
star topologies. It consists of
groups of star-configured
workstations connected to a
linear bus backbone
 Tree topologies allow for the
expansion of an existing
network, and enable schools to
configure a network to meet
their needs.
Mesh topology

• A network setup where each

of the computers and network
devices are interconnected
with one another, allowing for
most transmissions to be
distributed, even if one of the
connections go down.
• This topology is not
commonly used for most
computer networks as it is
difficult and expensive to
have redundant connection to
every computer.
Hybrid Topology
• The Hybrid topology scheme
combines multiple topologies
into one large topology. The
hybrid network is common in
large wide area networks.
Because each topology has its
own strengths and
weaknesses, several different
types can be combined for
maximum effectiveness.
 Basics of Networking
The seven layers of the OSI(Open Systems Interconnection)
Model are:
Layer 1 PHYSICAL
Layer 2 DATA-LINK
Layer 3 NETWORK
Layer 4 TRANSPORT
Layer 5 SESSION
Layer 6 PRESENTATION
Layer 7 APPLICATION
 Basics of Networking
THE PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer is concerned with transmitting
raw bits over a communication channel though
hubs, wires (cat5UTP), modems, network cards…
basically anything that is physical to the network.

In networking, computers are also known as

Hosts or Nodes.

When looking at network cables, there are

2 types that affect nodes. They are:
 Basics of Networking

•Straight though cables or also known as patch cable

•Cross-over cables

The difference in the cables are the way the wires

are connected within the RJ45.
Difference in the cables
Straight-through cables are used to connect devices (like PCs) to
networking equipment (like switches, hubs, and routers). In
technical terms, the devices are called DTEs (Data Terminal
Equipment) and network equipment is called DCE (Data
Communication Equipment).

A cross-over cable (also called a null modem cable) is used to

connect DCE to DCE or DTE to DTE you can connect a switch to
an existing switch port (DCE to DCE); a cross-over cable would
be used Similarly 2 PCs to communicate with each other (DTE to
DTE). Again, a cross-over cable would be used.
Basics of Networking
Typical Crossover Cable
Wiring:
1-3 White/Orange
2-6 Orange
3-1 White/Green
6-2 Green
4-4 Blue
5-5 White/Blue
7-7 White/Brown
8-8 Brown
Basics of Networking
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
TWISTED SHIELDED PAIR – USED IN PHONE LINES,
NETWORKS

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR “ “ “ “

COAXIAL CABLE – USED IN CABLEVISION GREAT FOR VIDEO

FIBRE OPTIC CABLES - USES LIGHT TO CARRY SIGNAL BUT

HARD TO WORK WITH AND LOOSES SIGNAL OVER LONGER
DISTANCES
Basics of Networking

Crimping Tool Hub

 Basics of Networking
THE DATA-LINK LAYER

The data link layer takes raw transmission and

transform it into a line that appears free of
transmission errors in the network layer.
The Data-Link Layer also is where you would find
the MAC Address. (Media Access Control). To find the
MAC Address of your computer, or any computer.
Start/Programs/MS Prompt and type:
ipconfig/all
 Basics of Networking
THE DATA-LINK LAYER

You will also find smart devices such as switches in

the Data-Link Layer.

The digital information that needs to be sent such as

and e-mail, attachments, etc needs to be broken into
smaller bits known as packets.

These packets require some information similar to

sending a letter in the mail.
 Basics of Networking
Bits of
information

Header Trailer (Footer)

Contains : Contains :
Mac Address (if available) Mac Address (from your computer)
IP Address (where it's going) IP Address (where it came from)

PACKETS

THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PACKETS THAT WILL

FOLLOW EACH OTHER TO THE FINAL DESTINATION.
 Basics of Networking
THE NETWORK LAYER
The network layer is concerned with controlling
the operation of the subnet. A ROUTER is used to
determining how packets are routed from source
to destination.

one path is busy, then the router will select another

ath for the packets to travel. So, the packets
an all have different paths and find their way to the
nal destination.
 Basics of Networking
THE NETWORK LAYER

The router has millions of IP addressing built into

the software, and knows where to send the packets.

IP stands for Internet Protocol and is basically an

address that the packets will be sent to.

An example would be 216.27.61.137

 Basics of Networking
THE NETWORK LAYER
If you look at the IP Address, the number are broken
into different categories.
216. 27.61.137

Classification Hosts

216. 27.61.137

Octets
An octet represents any eight-bit quantity. By definition, octets range in
mathematical value from 0 to 255. Typically in computer networking, an octet is the
same as a byte
 Basics of Networking
Classifications can be broken into 3 classes. They are

Class A - Only the first octet is used for addressing an

the balance used for hosts.

Class B - The first two octet are used for addressing

and the balance used for hosts.

Class C - The first three octet are used for addressing

and the balance used for hosts.
Basics of Networking
Every machine on the Internet has a unique
identifying number, called an IP Address.

A typical IP address looks like this:

216.27.61.137

But computers communicate in binary form.

Basics of Networking
The same IP address in binary:

11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001

216.27.61.137
Basics of Networking
If you add all the positions together, you get 32,
which is why IP addresses are considered
32-bit numbers

11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001

Combine the four octets and you get 232 or a possible

4,294,967,296 unique values.
Basics of Networking
Class A - This class is for very large networks,
such as a major international company might have.
IP addresses with a first octet from 1 to 126 are
part of this class.
Basics of Networking
Class B - This class is used for medium-sized networks.
A good example is a large college campus.
IP addresses with a first octet from 128 to 191
are part of this class. Class B addresses also include
the second octet as part of the Net identifier.
Basics of Networking
Class C - Class C addresses are commonly used for
small to mid-size businesses. IP addresses
with a first octet from 192 to 223 are part of this
class. Class C addresses also include the second
and third octets as part of the Net identifier.
Basics of Networking
LOOPBACK
Loopback - The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used
as the loopback address. This means that it is
used by the host computer to send a message
back to itself.
 Basics of Networking
THE TRANSPORT LAYER

The transport layer “DIRECTS PACKETS”, splits it up into

smaller units if need be, pass these to the network
and ensure that the pieces are travelling in an
orderly fashion.

A series of protocols are also established in this

layer to ensure proper flow of the packets.

You can basically describe the Transport Layer as

a “TRAFFIC COP”.
 Basics of Networking
THE SESSION LAYER

The session layer allows different machines to

establish sessions between themselves.

Once communications are established, encryption

then begins both parties.
 Basics of Networking
THE PRESENTATION LAYER
The Presentation Layer’s job is managing data
structures and converting from the representation
used inside the computer to the network standard
representation an visa versa.
In English terms, the Presentation layer basically
takes the packets and re-assembles them so you can
open the e-mail or the attachment.
If any packets got lost along the way, or were
damaged, then the Presentation layer will send a
sign to the sender that it requires the specific packet
 Basics of Networking
THE APPLICATION LAYER
The Application layer contains a variety of protocols
that are commonly required.

Another Application layer function is file transfer.

Different file systems have different file naming

conventions, different ways of representing text lines,
and so on.
Transferring a file between two different systems
requires handling and other incompatibilities.
 Basics of Networking
THE APPLICATION LAYER
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
FTP provides a standard system for sending
and receiving files over IP networks.

HTTP Protocol
Web browsers and servers use the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) protocol to
communicate.

Electronic Mail Protocols

Several network protocols were developed
specifically to support electronic mail over the
Internet.
 Basics of Networking
THE APPLICATION LAYER
SOAP - Simple Object Access
Protocol
SOAP defines a standard way to encode objects
within network packets using XML.

DHCP
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) supports automatic address assignment
and improved configuration management of IP
networks.
 Basics of Networking
THE APPLICATION LAYER

IPv6 - Internet Protocol version 6

IPv6 promises to relieve the current IP address
shortage, and this new version of the protocol
may also increase performance and improve
administration capabilities.

PPPoE
The Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)
standard helps access providers manage their
broadband service delivery, and it can also improve
the ease of use for DSL and cable modem
customers.

Digital subscriber line (DSL) technology transmits data over phone lines without interfering
with voice service
Different Types of Networks
1. Blue tooth: A standard of wireless personal network. It
connects phones computers, printers and other electronic
devices in office or home.
2. Wide Area Network (WAN): Network spanning large area
using cable, satellite etc. VAN is a value added network
offered by third party on chargeable basis.
3. Integrated services digital network (ISDN):
An international standard dialup network access that
integrates voice, data, image, and other services in a
single link.
Enterprise connects its infrastructure, business partners
and customers using these networks.
 Conferencing
1. Teleconferencing: A process capability for a
group to communicate each other simultaneously
using group communication software.

2. Data conferencing: A process capability in which

two or more users are able to edit and modify
data simultaneously.

3. Video conferencing: A process capability in which

group members interact with each other and also
see.
Basics of Networking

Thank You.