Introduction of Forest
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sonamIntroduction of Forest
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sonamIntroduction
of
forestry
Forestry: Forestry has been defined as the
theory and practice of all that constitutes
the creation, conservation and scientific
management of forests and the utilization of
DEFINATION their resources.
OF It is an applied science which is concerned
FORESTRY with not only the raising or cultivation of
forest crops but their protection,
mensuration, management, valuation and
finance as well as utilization of the forest
products.
Silviculture is the branch of forestry
which deals with the established,
development, care and reproduction
and stands of timber.
The art and science of cultivating
SILVICULTURE
forest crops.
AND
SILVICS Silvics is the study of life history and
general characteristics of forest trees
and crops with particular reference to
environmental factors as the basis for
the practice of silviculture.
1. To derive environmental
benefits
2. Raising species of more
economic value
OBJECTS OF
SILVICULTURE 3. Production of high-quality
timer:
4. Production of more volume
per unit area
5. Reduction of rotation period
6. Afforestation of blank areas
The practice of forestry with object of
producing maximum quantity of timber, fuel
wood and other forest produce is called
Production Forestry. The production forestry
can be further classified into:
(i) Industrial Forestry
(ii) Commercial Forestry
(iii)Social Forestry
Community Forestry
Farm Forestry
Extension Forestry
Agro-Forestry
Recreational Forestry
(i) Commercial Forestry: Commercial forestry aims to get maximum
production of timber, fuel wood and other forest products as a business
enterprise.
(ii) Industrial Forestry: Industrial forestry aims at producing raw material
required for industry.
(iii) Social Forests: Social Forestry is the practice of forestry which aims at
meeting the requirement of rural and urban population.
a) Community Forestry: The practice of forestry on lands outside the
conventional forest area for the benefit of local population has been called
Community forestry.
b) Farm Forestry: Farm Forestry is defined as the practice of forestry in all its aspect on
farms of village lands generally integrated with other farm operations.
c)Extension Forestry: Extension forestry which includes the activity of raising trees on
farm lands, villages wastelands and community forest areas and on lands along the sides of
roads, canal banks and railway lines (Anon., 1976).
d) Agro-Forestry: Agro-forestry has been defined as a sustainable land management
system which increases the yield of the land, combines the production of crops and forest
plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land and applies
management practices that are compatible with the cultural practices of the local
population.
e) Recreational Forestry: More recently, there has been considerable demand for
Recreational forestry, which is defined as the practice of forestry with the object of
developing and maintaining forests of high scenic value. Recreational forests are being
developed near towns and cities.
Forest
Forest is defined as an area set aside for the production of timber and other forest
produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for certain indirect benefits which
it provides, e.g. climatic and protective.
In ecology, it defined as, a plant community predominantly of trees and other
woody vegetation usually with a closed canopy.
Forest Cover: defined as all lands, more than one hectare in area, with a
tree canopy density of more than 10%
Very Dense Forest: All lands, with a forest cover with canopy density of
70% and above.
Moderately Dense Forest: All lands, with a Forest cover with canopy
density 40-70%
Open Forest : All lands, with forest cover with canopy density 10 to 40%
Tree Cover: Land with tree patches outside
the recoded forest area exclusive of forest
cover and less than the minimum area of one
hac.
Canopy
The cover of branches and foliage by the
crowns of trees in a wood.
Crown generally touch one other.
Forest Classification
As the group and arrangement of forest based on
define criteria such as composition, age climatic
elements, structure, habitat etc.
Objectives of forest classification
To study and characterize the different forest
types.
To develop suitable silvicultural management
techniques for different forests.
To avoid wastage of resource and save money by
avoiding failure.
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1)BASED ON AGE
a) Even aged forest: forest composed of even aged woods
-A difference up to 25% is permitted
in case of rotation is more than
100 years.
b) Uneven aged forest: A forest is composed of trees of
different ages.
-Age variation should be more than
25% of the rotation in case of long
rotation
-20% of rotation for short rotation
2) BASED ON GROWING STOCK
i) Normal forest: has normal
age gradation, growing stock
and increment.
ii) Abnormal forest: have not
has normal age gradation,
growing stock and increment.
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3) Based on regeneration
i) High forest: regenerated from seeds.
ii) Coppice forest: regenerated from
coppice.
4) Based on species composition
i) Pure forest: composed of one single
species.
ii) Mixed forest: composed of two or
more species.
5)
Based on object of
management
i) Production forest
ii) Protection forest
iii) Fuel forest
iv) Farm forest
v) Recreational forest
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6) BASED ON OWNERSHIP
i) State forest
ii) Private forest
iii) Community forest
iv) Panchayat forest
i)Reserve forest
7) LEGAL
CLASSIFICATION
ii)Protected forest
OF
FOREST iii) Village forest
National Forest Policy of 1952, recommended that on the basis of
Functions, all forest lands may be classified into:
A. Protection Forests
B. National Forests
C. Village Forests
C. Tree Lands
Conifers tree: A tree belongs to the
order coniferales of the botanical group
being cones and generally needle
shaped or scale like leaves, usually
evergreen and producing, timber known
as softwood.
Broad leaved tree: A tree belongs to
the botanical group dicotyledons and
producing timber usually known as
Hardwood.
Broad leaved forest Coniferous tree
Plants may be classified into the three categories:
Herb: stem is always green and tender
not more than one metre
Shrub: woody stem
not more than 6m in ht.
Tree: with bole and less or more definite crown
more than 6m in ht.
Crown classes generally found in an even-aged forest are
as follows:
Dominant trees: trees which form the uppermost leaf canopy
and have their leading shoots free.
1. Predominant: tallest trees determining the general top level
of the canopy
2. Co dominant: slightly shorter than the predominant
3. Dominated trees: 3/4 of the height of the predominant,
leading shoots are definitely not overtopped by the
neighboring trees.
4. Suppressed trees: 1/2 to 5/8 of the height of the
predominant, with their leading shoots overtopped by their
neighbors or atleast shaded on all sides by them.
Crown differentiation
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