SCALA

Introduction
Scala is a modern multi-paradigm
programming language designed to express
common programming patterns in a concise,
elegant, and type-safe way.
It seamlessly integrates features of object-
oriented and functional languages.
SCALA: Classes and Objects
A class is a blueprint for objects.
Once you define a class, you can create
objects from the class blueprint with the
keyword new.
Through the object, you can use all
functionalities of the defined class.
Conti…
Class
Following is a simple syntax to define a basic class
in Scala. This class defines two variables x and y
and a method: move, which does not return a value.
Class variables are called, fields of the class and
methods are called class methods.
The class name works as a class constructor which
can take several parameters.
The above code defines two constructor arguments,
xc and yc; they are both visible in the whole body of
the class.
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 Syntax

class Point(xc: Int, yc: Int) {

var x: Int = xc
var y: Int = yc

def move(dx: Int, dy: Int) {

x = x + dx
y = y + dy
println ("Point x location : " + x);
println ("Point y location : " + y);
}

You can create objects using a keyword new and then you can
access class fields and methods
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Extending a Class
You can extend a base Scala class and you
can design an inherited class in the same way
you do it in Java (use extends keyword), but
there are two restrictions: method overriding
requires the override keyword, and only the
primary constructor can pass parameters to
the base constructor.
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Implicit Classes
 Implicit classes allow implicit conversations with the
class’s primary constructor when the class is in scope.
An implicit class is a class marked with an ‘implicit’
keyword. This feature is introduced in Scala 2.10.

 Syntax − The following is the syntax for implicit

classes. Here implicit class is always in the object
scope where all method definitions are allowed
because the implicit class cannot be a top-level class.
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Syntax
object <object name> {
implicit class <class name>(<Variable>: Data
type) {
def <method>(): Unit =
}
}
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Singleton Objects
Scala is more object-oriented than Java because,
in Scala, we cannot have static members.
Instead, Scala has singleton objects. A singleton is
a class that can have only one instance, i.e.,
Object.
You create a singleton using the keyword object
instead of the class keyword.
Since you can't instantiate a singleton object, you
can't pass parameters to the primary constructor.
Basic Types and Operators
Sr. No. Data Type Description
8 bit signed value. Range from -128 to
1 Byte
127
16 bit signed value. Range -32768 to
2 Short
32767
32 bit signed value. Range -2147483648
3 Int
to 2147483647
64 bit signed value. -
4 Long 9223372036854775808 to
9223372036854775807
5 Float 32 bit IEEE 754 single-precision float

6 Double 64 bit IEEE 754 double-precision float

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Sr. No. Data Type Description
16 bit unsigned Unicode character. Range
7 Char
from U+0000 to U+FFFF
8 String A sequence of Chars
9 Boolean Either the literal true or the literal false
10 Unit Corresponds to no value
11 Null null or empty reference
The subtype of every other type; includes no
12 Nothing
values
The supertype of any type; any object is of
13 Any
type Any
14 AnyRef The supertype of any reference type
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An operator is a symbol that tells the
compiler to perform specific mathematical or
logical manipulations. Scala is rich in built-in
operators and provides the following types of
operators −
◦ Arithmetic Operators
◦ Relational Operators
◦ Logical Operators
◦ Bitwise Operators
◦ Assignment Operators
Conti…
Arithmetic Operators
The following arithmetic operators are
supported by the Scala language.
Operator Description

+ Adds two operands

- Subtracts second operand from the first

* Multiplies both operands

/ Divides numerator by de-numerator

Modulus operator finds the remainder after division of one number by
%
another
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Relational Operators
The following relational operators are
supported by the Scala language
Operator Description

Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then the
==
condition becomes true.

Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not
!=
equal then the condition becomes true.

Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of the
>
right operand, if yes then the condition becomes true.
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Operator Description

Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value
< of the right operand, if yes then the condition becomes
true.

Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or

>= equal to the value of the right operand, if yes then the
condition becomes true.

Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal

<= to the value of the right operand, if yes then the condition
becomes true.
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Logical Operators
The following logical operators are supported
by the Scala language.
Operator Description

It is called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non zero then
&&
the condition becomes true.

It is called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non zero then
||
the condition becomes true.
It is called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its
! operand. If a condition is true then the Logical NOT operator will make it
false.
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Bitwise Operators
 Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit by bit
operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as
follows −
p q p&q p|q p^q

0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 1 1
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Operator Description

Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both

&
operands.

| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.

Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not
^
both.
Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of
~
'flipping' bits.
Binary Left Shift Operator. The bit positions of the value of the left
<< operand are moved left by the number of bits specified by the right
operand.
Binary Right Shift Operator. The bit positions of the left operand value
>>
are moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
Shift right zero-fill operator. The left operands value is moved right by
>>> the number of bits specified by the right operand and shifted values
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Assignment Operators
There are the following assignment operators
supported by Scala language −
Operato
Description
r
Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to
=
left side operand
Add AND assignment operator, It adds the right operand to the left
+=
operand and assigns the result to the left operand
Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the
-=
left operand and assigns the result to left operand
Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the
*=
left operand and assigns the result to the left operand
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Assignment
Operato
Description Operators
r
There are the following assignment operators
Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right
/=
supported
operand and by Scala
assigns language
the result to left operand−

Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands

%=
and assign the result to the left operand

<<= Left shift AND assignment operator

>>= Right shift AND assignment operator

&= Bitwise AND assignment operator

^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator
|= bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator
THANK
YOU