CSEC
CHEMISTRY
THE PERIODIC TABLE
• The periodic table is defined as a listing of all the known
elements according to increasing atomic number (Z).
• An element is the simplest form of matter.
• An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken
down into any simpler substance by any ordinary
chemical or physical means.
• The periodic table is made up of horizontal rows called
periods and vertical columns called groups.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Groups
There are 8 groups in the periodic table. These groups are
numbered I to VIII using Roman numerals. All the
elements within a group contain the same number of
valence electrons. The number of valence electrons
therefore indicates the group to which the element
belongs and is known as the group number.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Periods
There are 7 periods in the periodic table. These periods are numbered 1 - 7
using Arabic numerals. All the elements within a period contain the same
number of electron shells. The number of electron shells therefore indicates
the period to which the element belongs and is known as the period number.
Both the group number and period number of an element can
be determined from its electronic configuration and vice
versa
There are three classes of elements within the periodic table:
metals, non-metals, and metalloids
Atomic
Structure
Objectives
• define the term ‘atom.’
• name the three sub-atomic particles of the atom.
• describe each of the sub-atomic particle in terms of
relative mass and relative charge.
• A
• interpret notations of the sort Z X
• differentiate among the following terms: mass number,
atomic number, neutron number.
• calculate the number of protons, electrons and neutrons
in given atoms.
• describe the general structure of an atom.
Atomic Structure
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exist on its own and
still have the properties of that element.
Atoms are made up of three sub-atomic particles: protons, electrons,
neutrons
Atoms are electrically uncharged since the number of protons and
electrons balance each other.
Atomic Structure
Name of symbol Relative mass Charge
particle
Proton p 1 +1
Electron e 1 -1
1840
Neutron n 1 0
Atomic Structure
Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus while the electrons are
found on the shells.
The atomic or proton number (Z) is the number of protons that is found
in the nucleus of an atom.
The neutron number (N) is the number of neutrons that is found in the
nucleus of an atom.
The mass number or nucleon number (A) is the sum of the number of
protons and the number of neutrons in an atom.
A=N+Z
Atomic Structure
The Atom
Atomic Structure
Nuclear Notation
Mass Number A
Z X Atomic Symbol
Atomic Number
Atomic Structure
The arrangement of subatomic particles in an atom
Each energy shell has a maximum number of electrons it can hold :
• The first energy shell can hold up to 2 electrons
• The second energy shell can hold up to 8 electrons
• The third energy shell can hold up to 8 electrons
Electronic Configuration – the arrangement of electrons in an atom. It can be
represented in writing using numbers or by drawing a shell diagram.
Atomic Structure
Representing atoms – Shell Diagrams
To draw a shell diagram of an atom, you must first
determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons,
and then write its electronic configuration using numbers
separated by commas.
Atomic Structure
Representing atoms – Shell Diagrams
Example 1 :
The Helium Atom 4
2 He
P=2
e=2
n = 4-2= 2
E.C = 2
Atomic Structure
Representing atoms – Shell Diagrams
The Boron Atom 11
5 B
P=5
e=5
n = 11-5 =6
E.C = 2,3
Atomic Structure
Representing atoms – Shell Diagrams
The Boron Atom
16 S
32
P = 16
e = 16
n = 32-16 =16
E.C = 2,8,6
Atomic Structure
Activity
Give the electronic configuration of the following atoms/elements :
1.Chlorine
2.Potassium
3.Carbon
4.Beryllium
THE
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